% 9/26/2004 %%%%%%%%% BEC @article{DalGioPit99, author={Dalfovo, F. and Giorgini, S. and Pitaevskii, L. P. and Stringari, S.}, title={Theory of {B}ose-{E}instein condensation in trapped gases}, journal={Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys. }, volume={71}, number={3}, pages={463-512}, year={1999}, abstract={The phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute gases in traps is reviewed from a theoretical perspective. Mean-field theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. Various properties of these systems are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground-state configurations, the collective oscillations and the dynamics of the expansion, the condensate fraction and the thermodynamic functions. The thermodynamic limit exhibits a scaling behavior in the relevant length and energy scales. Despite the dilute nature of the gases, interactions profoundly modify the static as well as the dynamic properties of the system; the predictions of mean-field theory are in excellent agreement with available experimental results. Effects of superfluidity including the existence of quantized vortices and the reduction of the moment of inertia are discussed, as well as the consequences of coherence such as the Josephson effect and interference phenomena. The review also assesses the accuracy and limitations of the mean-field approach} } @book{PetSmi02, author = {C. J. Pethick and H. Smith}, title = {{B}ose-{E}instein Condensation in dilute gases}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {2002}, publisher = {University Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, annote = {} } @article{TakMakKom03, author={Yosuke Takasu and Kenichi Maki and Kaduki Komori and Tetsushi Takano and Kazuhito Honda and Mitsutaka Kumakura and Tsutomu Yabuzaki and Yoshiro Takahashi }, title={Spin-Singlet {B}ose-{E}instein Condensation of Two-Electron Atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={91}, number={3}, pages={040404 }, year={2003}, abstract={We report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensation of ytterbium atoms by evaporative cooling in a novel crossed optical trap. Unlike the previously observed condensates, a ytterbium condensate is a two-electron system in a singlet state and has distinct features such as the extremely narrow intercombination transitions which are ideal for future optical frequency standard and the insensitivity to external magnetic field which is important for precision coherent atom optics, and the existence of the novel metastable triplet states generated by optical excitation from the singlet state.} } @article{TakMakKom03EtAl, author={{Y. Takasu et al.}}, title={Spin-Singlet {B}ose-{E}instein Condensation of Two-Electron Atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={91}, number={3}, pages={040404 }, year={2003}, abstract={We report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensation of ytterbium atoms by evaporative cooling in a novel crossed optical trap. Unlike the previously observed condensates, a ytterbium condensate is a two-electron system in a singlet state and has distinct features such as the extremely narrow intercombination transitions which are ideal for future optical frequency standard and the insensitivity to external magnetic field which is important for precision coherent atom optics, and the existence of the novel metastable triplet states generated by optical excitation from the singlet state.} } @article{DalGioPit99, author={Dalfovo, F. and Giorgini, S. and Pitaevskii, L. P. and Stringari, S.}, title={Theory of {B}ose-{E}instein condensation in trapped gases}, journal={Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys. }, volume={71}, number={3}, pages={463-512}, year={1999}, abstract={The phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute gases in traps is reviewed from a theoretical perspective. Mean-field theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. Various properties of these systems are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground-state configurations, the collective oscillations and the dynamics of the expansion, the condensate fraction and the thermodynamic functions. The thermodynamic limit exhibits a scaling behavior in the relevant length and energy scales. Despite the dilute nature of the gases, interactions profoundly modify the static as well as the dynamic properties of the system; the predictions of mean-field theory are in excellent agreement with available experimental results. Effects of superfluidity including the existence of quantized vortices and the reduction of the moment of inertia are discussed, as well as the consequences of coherence such as the Josephson effect and interference phenomena. The review also assesses the accuracy and limitations of the mean-field approach} } @article{Leg01, author={A. J. Leggett}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein condensation in the alkali gases: {S}ome fundamental concepts}, journal={Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys. }, volume={73}, number={3}, pages={307}, year={2001}, abstract={The author presents a tutorial review of some ideas that are basic to our current understanding of the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in the dilute atomic alkali gases, with special emphasis on the case of two or more coexisting hyperfine species. Topics covered include the definition of and conditions for BEC in an interacting system, the replacement of the true interatomic potential by a zero-range pseudopotential, the time-independent and time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equations, superfluidity and rotational properties, the Josephson effect and related phenomena, and the Bogoliubov approximation.} } @article{SanLeoWan01, author={Dos Santos, F. P. and Leonard, J. and Junmin Wang and Barrelet, C. J. and Perales, F. and Rasel, E. and Unnikrishnan, C. S. and Leduc, M. and Cohen-Tannoudji, C.}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein condensation of metastable helium}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett. }, volume={86}, number={}, pages={3459-62}, year={2001}, abstract={We have observed a Bose-Einstein condensate in a dilute gas of /sup 4/He in the 2/sup 3/S/sub 1/ metastable state. We find a critical temperature of (4.7+or-0.5) mu K and a typical number of atoms at the threshold of 8*10/sup 6/. The maximum number of atoms in our condensate is about 5*10/sup 5/. An approximate value for the scattering length a=(16+or-8) nm is measured. The mean elastic collision rate at threshold is then estimated to be about 2*10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/, indicating that we are deeply in the hydrodynamic regime. The typical decay time of the condensate is 2 s, which places an upper bound on the rate constants for two-body and three-body inelastic collisions} } @article{RobSirBro01, author={Robert, A. and Sirjean, O. and Browaeys, A. and Poupard, J. and Nowak, S. and Boiron, D. and Westbrook, C. I. and Aspect, A.}, title={A {B}ose-{E}instein condensate of metastable atoms}, journal={Science}, volume={292}, number={}, pages={461-4}, year={2001}, abstract={We report the realization of a Bose-Einstein condensate of metastable atoms (helium in the lowest triplet state). The excitation energy of each atom with respect to the ground state is 20 electron volts, but inelastic processes that would destroy the sample are suppressed strongly enough in a spin-polarized sample to allow condensation. Our detection scheme takes advantage of the metastability to achieve detection of individual atoms as well as of the decay products of inelastic processes. This detection opens the way toward new studies in mesoscopic quantum statistical physics, as well as in atomic quantum optics} } @article{AndEnsMat95, author = {M H Anderson and J R Ensher and M R Matthews and C E Wieman and E A Cornell}, title = {Observation of {B}ose-{E}instein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor}, journal = {Science}, volume = {269}, number = {5221}, pages = {198-201}, year = {1995}, abstract={A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5*1012 per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction} } @article{DavMewAnd95, author = {K B Davis and M O Mewes and M R Andrews and N J {van Druten} and D S Durfee and D M Kurn and W Ketterle}, title = {{B}ose-{E}instein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Let.}, volume = {75}, number = {22}, pages = {3969--73}, year = {1995}, abstract={We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of sodium atoms. The atoms were trapped in a novel trap that employed both magnetic and optical forces. Evaporative cooling increased the phase-space density by 6 orders of magnitude within seven seconds. Condensates contained up to 5*10/sup 5/ atoms at densities exceeding 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/. The striking signature of Bose condensation was the sudden appearance of a bimodal velocity distribution below the critical temperature of approximately 2 mu K. The distribution consisted of an isotropic thermal distribution and an elliptical core attributed to the expansion of a dense condensate} } @proceedings{ IngStrWie99, editor={ M. Inguscio and S. Stringari and C. Wieman}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein Condensation in Atomic Gases}, series={Proc. of the International School of Physics {``Enrico Fermi,'' Course CXL} }, year={1999}, publisher={IOS Press}, address={Amsterdam} } @article{ShiSabPas04, author = {Y. Shin and M. Saba and T. A. Pasquini and W. Ketterle and D. E. Pritchard and A. E. Leanhardt}, title = {Atom Interferometry with {B}ose-{E}instein Condensates in a Double-Well Potential}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, eid = {050405}, Xnumpages = {4}, pages = {050405}, keywords = {Bose-Einstein condensation; quantum optics; particle interferometry}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v92/e050405} } =================== Numerical methods =========================== @Article{HolJinChi97, title = "Emergence of Interaction Effects in {B}ose-{E}instein Condensation", author = "M. J. Holland and D. S. Jin and M. L. Chiofalo and J. Cooper", journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", volume = "78", number = "20", month = May, pages = "3801", pagef = "3805", year = 1997, annote={solving the GP equation in axial symmtetry} } % Mar 25 2001 APD % Mar 7 2001 APD %======================================================================= @article{Bre29, author={G. Breit}, title={}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.}, volume={34}, number={}, pages={553}, year={1929}, annote={} } @article{Bre30, author={G. Breit}, title={}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.}, volume={36}, number={}, pages={383}, year={1930}, annote={} } @article{Bre32, author={G. Breit}, title={}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.}, volume={39}, number={}, pages={616}, year={1932}, annote={} } %========================================================================= @article{ManJoh71, author={Mann, J. B. and Johnson, W. R.}, title={Breit interaction in multielectron atoms}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={4}, number={1}, pages={41-51}, year={1971}, abstract={The Breit interaction is reviewed with applications to heavy atoms in mind. Generalizations of the Breit interaction which avoid expansion in powers of the electron velocities are discussed. Two-particle matrix elements of the Breit interaction and its generalizations are given in a form convenient for numerical applications. Expressions are derived for evaluating configuration-averaged atomic energy shifts of atomic ground states are presented for selected atoms in the range Z=2 to Z=012; interpolated values of the energy shifts are given graphically for all atoms in the range considered. A breakdown of the interelectron contributions to the Breit energy shift is given for Ne and for K electrons in Hg. 'Frozen-orbital' calculations of Breit corrections to electron binding energies in Hg are given. The binding of K electrons in W, Hg, Pb, and Rn including the generalized Breit interaction with rearrangement are determined; when considered together with Lamb shift and correlation effects, these calculations reduce the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental K binding energies to about 0.1 Ry} } @article{Gra61, author={I. P. Grant}, title={Breit interaction ...}, journal={Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)}, volume={A262}, number={}, pages={555}, year={1961}, abstract={} } @article{Gra65, author={Grant, I. P. }, title={Breit interaction ...}, journal={Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)}, volume={86}, number={}, pages={523}, year={1965}, abstract={} } @article{Kim67, author={Y. K. Kim}, title={Breit interaction ...}, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume={154}, number={}, pages={17}, year={1967}, abstract={} } @article{SmiJoh67, author={F. C. Smith and W. R. Johnson}, title={Breit interaction ...}, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume={160}, number={}, pages={136}, year={1967}, abstract={} } %============================================================= @inproceedings{ JohChe85, author={ W. R. Johnson and K. T. Cheng}, year = {1985}, booktitle={Atomic Inner-Shell Physics}, pages={1}, editor={B. Crasemann}, publisher={Plenum, New York}, annote={ historical review of the Breit interaction} } @article{LinMarYnn89, author={Lindroth, E. and M{\aa}rtensson-Pendrill, Ann-M. and Ynnerman, A. and \"{O}ster, P.}, title={Self-consistent treatment of the Breit interaction, with application to the electric dipole moment in thallium}, journal={J. Phys. B }, volume={22}, number={16}, pages={2447-64}, year={1989}, abstract={The Breit interaction has been treated together with the Coulomb interaction in a self-consistent way, leading to modified occupied orbitals (Dirac-Fock-Breit orbitals), which are analysed. The arguments against the inclusion of the Breit interaction to higher orders are discussed, as well as the advantages in doing so. The new orbitals are then used to calculate the electric dipole moment (EDM) in Tl and are found to lead to a 2% reduction of the EDM enhancement factor} } @article{LinMar89, author={Lindroth, E. and M{\aa}rtensson-Pendrill, A.-M.}, title={Further analysis of the complete Breit interaction}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={39}, number={8}, pages={3794-802}, year={1989}, abstract={In a recent paper (Phys. Rev. A 37, 1087 (1988)) Gorceix and Indelicato study the difference between the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) expectation value of the Lorentz and Coulomb gauge forms for the Breit interaction. After a slight rearrangement of their expressions, the authors have found that the difference can be written as a commutator with the full Hamiltonian. This commutator is nonvanishing due to projection operators onto positive energy states implicit in the MCDF approach and gives contributions O(Z/sup 2/ alpha /sup 2/). It is shown that the diagram involving the excitation of a single virtual electron-positron pair, which removes the discrepancy if the low-frequency limit is used also where it is not valid, does not do so for the proper frequency-dependent form and that a more detailed analysis is required} } @article{JohBluSap88a, author={Johnson, W. R. and Blundell, S. A. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Many-body perturbation-theory calculations of energy levels along the lithium isoelectronic sequence}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={37}, number={8}, pages={2764-77}, year={1988}, abstract={Energies of n=2 states for ions of the lithium isoelectronic sequence are calculated from Z=3-92, starting from a Hartree-Fock potential and including second- and third-order correlation corrections, the lowest-order Breit interaction with retardation treated exactly, the second-order correlation corrections to the Breit interaction, and corrections for reduced mass and mass polarization. The resulting differences between theory and experiment for the 2p fine structure and the 2s-2p splittings are found to be in rough agreement with the one-electron Lamb shift, but clear deviations can be seen. A discussion is given of the calculations required to evaluate these deviations within the framework of quantum electrodynamics}, annote={ Angular decomposition of the Breit interaction} } @article{JohBluSap88b, author={Johnson, W. R. and Blundell, S. A. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Many-body perturbation-theory calculations of energy levels along the sodium isoelectronic sequence}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={38}, number={6}, pages={2699-706}, year={1988}, abstract={Energies of 3s and 3p states of sodiumlike ions are calculated from Z=11 to Z=92 starting from a Dirac-Fock potential and including second- and third-order Coulomb correlation corrections, the lowest-order Breit interaction with retardation treated exactly, second- and third-order correlation corrections to the Breit interaction, and corrections for reduced mass and mass polarization. The calculated energies are compared to measured energies to determine the size of the omitted quantum electrodynamics corrections}, annote={ RPA dressing of the Breit interaction} } ========================== @article{ReiHin99, author={Reiher, M. and Hinze, J.}, title={Self-consistent treatment of the frequency-independent Breit interaction in Dirac-Fock and MCSCF calculations of atomic structures. I. Theoretical considerations}, journal={J. Phys. B }, volume={32}, number={23}, pages={5489-505}, year={1999}, abstract={The self-consistent treatment of the Breit interaction in fully numerical atomic structure calculations is cumbersome due to the computationally demanding evaluation of two-electron integrals as they occur in the original formulation. We present a reformulation of the frequency-independent Breit interaction operator in spherical coordinates and derive the corresponding matrix elements over spinors. With this formulation it becomes possible to compute the matrix elements of the Breit interaction efficiently and analogously to those of the Coulomb interaction: i.e., by determining the corresponding interaction potential functions using Poisson equations. The derived formulae will equally simplify computations using either basis sets or a numerical representation of the orbitals such that the Breit interaction can be included effectively in CI and SCF calculations for atoms and molecules. Of course, the computation of the Breit contribution to the total electronic energy as a first-order perturbation correction is also simplified. Furthermore, the frequency-dependent Breit interaction could be treated analogously} } @article{IshQui93, author={Ishikawa, Y. and Quiney, H. M.}, title={Relativistic many-body perturbation-theory calculations based on Dirac-Fock-Breit wave functions}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={47}, number={3}, pages={1732-9}, year={1993}, abstract={A relativistic many-body perturbation theory based on the Dirac-Fock-Breit wave functions has been developed and implemented by employing analytic basis sets of Gaussian-type functions. The instantaneous Coulomb and low-frequency Breit interactions are treated using a unified formalism in both the construction of the Dirac-Fock-Breit self-consistent-field atomic potential and in the evaluation of many-body perturbation-theory diagrams. The relativistic many-body perturbation-theory calculations have been performed on the helium atom and ions of the helium isoelectronic sequence up to Z=50. The contribution of the low-frequency Breit interaction to the relativistic correlation energy is examined for the helium isoelectronic sequence} } %====================================== @article{ZygMit86, author={Zygelman, B. and Mittleman, M. H.}, title={Contribution of three-body potentials to the binding energy of heavy atoms}, journal={J. Phys. B}, volume={19}, number={13}, pages={1891-8}, year={1986}, abstract={The conversion of quantum electrodynamics to a configuration-space Hamiltonian formalism introduces three-electron potentials of relativistic origin. For heavy atoms the authors find that the contribution of these potentials to the inner-shell binding energy is no more than 0.21 eV. This is too small to explain the discrepancy between current theory and experiment. They also briefly discuss the uniqueness of the potentials obtained in the configuration-space Hamiltonian} } @unpublished{KozPorTup00, author={M. G. Kozlov and S. G. Porsev and I. I. Tupitsyn}, title={Breit interaction in heavy atoms}, year={2000}, note={E-print physics/0004076} } @INPROCEEDINGS{MadBer01, AUTHOR = "A. A. Madej and J. E. Bernard", BOOKTITLE = "Frequency Measurement and Control", YEAR = "2001", editor = "A. N. Luiten", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", address = "Berlin", pages={153-194} } @article{CouQueKov03, author ={I. Courtillot and A. Quessada and R. P. Kovacich and A. Brusch and D. Kolker and J-J. Zondy and G. D. Rovera and P. Lemonde }, title ={A clock transition for a future optical frequency standard with trapped atoms}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={68}, pages ={030501}, year ={2003}, annote={http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0303023} } @article{ParYoo03, author={Chang Yong Park and Tai Hyun Yoon}, title={Efficient magneto-optical trapping of Yb atoms with a violet laser diode}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={68}, number={}, pages={055401 }, year={2003}, abstract={ We report an efficient trapping of rare-earth-metal Yb atoms with a high-power violet laser diode (LD). An injection-locked violet LD with a 25-mW frequency-stabilized output was used for the magneto-optical trapping (MOT) of fermionic as well as bosonic Yb isotopes. A typical number of 4×106 atoms for 174Yb with a trap density of ~1×108 cm–3 was obtained. A 10-mW violet external-cavity LD was used for the one-dimensional slowing of an effusive Yb atomic beam without a Zeeman slower resulting in a 35-fold increase in the number of trapped atoms. The overall characteristics of our compact violet MOT, e.g., the loss time of 1 s, the loading time of 400 ms, and the cloud temperature of 0.7 mK, are comparable to those in previously reported violet Yb MOTs, yet with a greatly reduced cost and complexity of the experiment. } } @article{JohPlaSap95, author={W. R. Johnson and D. R. Plante and J. Sapirstein}, title={Relativistic Calculations of Transition Amplitudes in the Helium Isoelectronic Sequence}, journal={Adv.\ At.\ Mol.\ Phys.}, volume={35}, number={}, pages={255}, year={1995}, annote={Transition amplitudes in He-line ions and general theory of multipole transions + negative energy states} } @article{KatTakPal03, author={Hidetoshi Katori and Masao Takamoto and V. G. Pal'chikov and V. D. Ovsiannikov}, title={Ultrastable Optical Clock with Neutral Atoms in an Engineered Light Shift Trap}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett. }, volume={91}, number={}, pages={173005}, year={2003}, abstract={An ultrastable optical clock based on neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice is proposed. Complete control over the light shift is achieved by employing the $5s^2 {}^1S_0 \to 5s5p {}^3P_0$ transition of ${}^{87}{\rm Sr}$ atoms as a "clock transition". Calculations of ac multipole polarizabilities and dipole hyperpolarizabilities for the clock transition indicate that the contribution of the higher-order light shifts can be reduced to less than 1 mHz, allowing for a projected accuracy of better than $ 10^{-17}$.}, annote={physics/0309043} } @article{TakKat03, author={Masao Takamoto and Hidetoshi Katori}, title={Spectroscopy of the $^1{S}_0-{}^3{P}_0$ Clock Transition of $^{87}${Sr} in an Optical Lattice}, journal={submitted to Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={}, number={}, pages={}, year={2003}, abstract={We report on the spectroscopy of the $5s^2 {}^1S_0 (F=9/2) \to 5s5p {}^3P_0 (F=9/2)$ clock transition of ${}^{87}{\rm Sr}$ atoms (natural linewidth of 1 mHz) trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice. Recoilless transitions with a linewidth of 0.7 kHz as well as the vibrational structure of the lattice potential were observed. By investigating the wavelength dependence of the carrier linewidth, we determined the magic wavelength, where the light shift in the clock transition vanishes, to be $813.5\pm0.9$ nm. }, note={physics/0309044} } @article{IdoKat03, author={Ido, T. and Katori, H.}, title={Recoil-free spectroscopy of neutral Sr atoms in the Lamb-Dicke regime}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={91}, number={5}, pages={053001/1-4}, year={2003}, abstract={Recoil-free as well as Doppler-free spectroscopy was demonstrated on the S/sub 0//sup 1/-P/sub 1//sup 3/ transition of Sr atoms confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice. By investigating the wavelength and polarization dependence of the ac Stark shift acting on the S/sub 0//sup 1/ and P/sub 1//sup 3/(m/sub J/=0) states, we determined the wavelength where the Stark shifts for both states coincide. This Stark-free optical lattice, allowing the purturbation-free spectroscopy of trapped atoms, may keep neutral-atom based optical standards competitive with single-ion standards} } @article{DidUdeBer01, author={Diddams, S. A. and Udem, T. and Bergquist, J. C. and Curtis, E. A. and Drullinger, R. E. and Hollberg, L. and Itano, W. M. and Lee, W. D. and Oates, C. W. and Vogel, K. R. and Wineland, D. J.}, title={An optical clock based on a single trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion}, journal={Science}, volume={293}, number={5531}, pages={825--8}, year={2001}, abstract={Microwave atomic clocks have been the de facto standards for precision time and frequency metrology over the past 50 years, finding widespread use in basic scientific studies, communications, and navigation. However, with its higher operating frequency, an atomic clock based on an optical transition can be much more stable. We demonstrate an all-optical atomic clock referenced to the 1.064-petahertz transition of a single trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion. A clockwork based on a mode-locked femtosecond laser provides output pulses at a 1-gigahertz rate that are phase-coherently locked to the optical frequency. By comparison to a laser-cooled calcium optical standard, an upper limit for the fractional frequency instability of 7*10/sup -15/ is measured in 1 second of averaging-a value substantially better than that of the world's best microwave atomic clocks} } @article{MarWynRom03, author={Maruyama, R. and Wynar, R.H. and Romalis, M. V. and Andalkar, A. and Swallows, M. D. and Pearson, C. E. and Fortson, E. N.}, title={Investigation of sub-Doppler cooling in an ytterbium magneto-optical trap}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={68}, number={1}, pages={11403/1-4}, year={2003}, abstract={We report experimental evidence of Sisyphus cooling in atoms with a /sup 1/S/sub 0/ ground state. Since J=0, any cooling mechanism which requires multiple sublevels can only occur in the isotopes which have nuclear spin I not=0. Ytterbium has seven stable isotopes and offers a unique system in which we can study cooling on F=0 to 1 (/sup 168,170,172,174,176/Yb), F=1/2 to 3/2 (/sup 171/Yb), and F=5/2 to 7/2 (/sup 173/Yb), depending on the selection of isotope. We have trapped each of the seven stable isotopes of ytterbium in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) using the strong /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 1/P/sub 1/ transition, and transferred them into a second MOT which uses the much narrower /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition. We have measured the temperature of isotopes /sup 171/Yb, /sup 173/Yb, and /sup 174/Yb in the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ MOT, as a function of the intensity and detuning of the trapping laser. The temperature of /sup 174/Yb was found to increase more rapidly with intensity than predicted by Doppler cooling theory, in agreement with earlier work on alkaline-earth atoms. In the odd isotopes the temperature was found to decrease with increasing angular momentum, as observed in earlier experiments and three-dimensional simulations} } @article{HonTakKuw02, author={Honda, K. and Takasu, Y. and Kuwamoto, T. and Kumakura, M. and Takahashi, Y. and Yabuzaki, T.}, title={Optical dipole force trapping of a fermion-boson mixture of ytterbium isotopes}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={66}, number={2}, pages={021401/1-4}, year={2002}, abstract={We have succeeded in simultaneously trapping a fermion and boson isotope pair of ytterbium (Yb) in a far off-resonant trap (FORT). We have found evidence of elastic cross collisions between fermions and bosons, and performed a successful sympathetic cooling of the fermions. We could also enhance the loading of the fermions /sup 171/Yb in the crossing region in a crossed FORT via cross collisions between the fermions /sup 171/Yb and the bosons /sup 174/Yb} } @article{BowBudCom96, author={Bowers, C. J. and Budker, D. and Commins, E. D. and DeMille, D. and Freedman, S. J. and Nguyen, A.-T. and Shang, S.-Q. and Zolotorev, M.}, title={Experimental investigation of excited-state lifetimes in atomic ytterbium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={53}, number={5}, pages={3103-9}, year={1996}, abstract={Lifetimes of 21 excited states in atomic Yb were measured using time-resolved fluorescence detection following pulsed laser excitation. The lifetime of the 4f/sup 14/5d6s /sup 3/D/sub i/ state, which is of particular importance for a proposed study of parity nonconservation in atoms, was measured to be 380(30) ns}, note={and references therein} } @article{SteSchTam02, author={Stenger, J. and Schnatz, H. and Tamm, C. and Telle, H. R.}, title={Ultraprecise measurement of optical frequency ratios}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={88}, number={7}, pages={073601/1-4}, year={2002}, abstract={We developed a novel technique for frequency measurement and synthesis, based on the operation of a femtosecond comb generator as transfer oscillator. The technique can be used to measure frequency ratios of any optical signals throughout the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum. Relative uncertainties of 10/sup -18/ for averaging times of 100 s are possible. Using a Nd:YAG laser in combination with a nonlinear crystal we measured the frequency ratio of the second harmonic nu /sub SH/ at 532 nm to the fundamental nu /sub 0/ at 1064 nm, nu /sub SH// nu /sub 0/=2.000000000000000001*(1+or-7*10-19)} } @UNPUBLISHED{RieBinWil03, AUTHOR = "F. Riehle and T. Binnewies and G. Wilpers and H. Stoehr and C. Degenhardt and Ch. Lisdat and U. Sterr and J. Helmcke", TITLE = "Optical Frequency Standard Based on Cold Calcium Atoms", NOTE = "Talk at the Second Workshop on Cold Alkaline-Earth Atoms, September 11-13, 2003, Copenhagen, Denmark." } @UNPUBLISHED{CraHonMar03, AUTHOR = "C. Cramer and T. Hong and R. Maruyama and E. N. Fortson", TITLE = "Prospects for an Optical Clock Using the $^1\!{S}_0-^3\!{P}_0$ Line of Atomic {Yb}", NOTE = "Talk at the Second Workshop on Cold Alkaline-Earth Atoms, September 11-13, 2003, Copenhagen, Denmark." } @UNPUBLISHED{YooPar03, AUTHOR = "Tai Hyun Yoon and Chang Yong Park", TITLE = "$^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ Optical Lattice Clock: Proposal", NOTE = "Talk at the Second Workshop on Cold Alkaline-Earth Atoms, September 11-13, 2003, Copenhagen, Denmark." } @article{ChaYeLuk03, author={Chang, D. E. and Ye, Jun and Lukin, M. D. }, title={Controlling dipole-dipole frequency shifts in a lattice-based optical atomic clock}, journal={}, volume={}, pages={}, year={2003}, note={http://arXiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0308068} } @article{CorQueKov03, author={I. Courtillot and A. Quessada and R. P. Kovacich and A. Brusch and D. Kolker and J-J. Zondy and G. D. Rovera and P. Lemonde }, title={ Clock transition for a future optical frequency standard with trapped atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev. A}, volume={68}, pages={030501(R)}, year={2003}, annote={http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0303023} } @article{PalDomNov03, author={Palchikov, V. G. and Domnin, Yu. S. and Novoselov, A. V. }, title={Black-body radiation effects and light shifts in atomic frequency standards}, journal={J. Opt. B}, volume={5}, pages={S131--S135}, year={2003} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Kat02, AUTHOR = "H. Katori", TITLE = "Spectroscopy of strontium atoms in the {Lamb--Dicke} confinement", BOOKTITLE = "Proc. 6th Symposium Frequency Standards and Metrology", YEAR = "2002", editor = "P. Gill", publisher = "World Scientific", address = "Singapore", pages={323--330} } @INPROCEEDINGS{TakTakKom03, AUTHOR = "Y. Takahashi and Y. Takasu and K. Komori and K. Honda and M. Kumakura and T. Yabuzaki ", TITLE = "Photoassociation of laser-cooled Yetterbium atoms ", BOOKTITLE = "Proc. of XVIII International Conference on Atomic Physics ", YEAR = "2003", editor = "H. R. Sadeghpour and D. E. Pritchard and E. J. Heller", publisher = "World Scientific", address = "Singapore", pages={83} } =================================== Cs standard @article{MicGodCal04, author = {Salvatore Micalizio and Aldo Godone and Davide Calonico and Filippo Levi and Luca Lorini}, collaboration = {}, title = {Blackbody radiation shift of the $^{133}${C}s hyperfine transition frequency}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume = {69}, number = {5}, eid = {053401}, numpages = {8}, pages = {053401}, keywords = {blackbody radiation; caesium; hyperfine structure; polarisability; ground states; frequency standards; isotope shifts; Stark effect}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v69/e053401}, abstract = { We report the theoretical evaluations of the static scalar polarizability of the 133Cs ground state and of the blackbody radiation shift induced on the transition frequency between the two hyperfine levels with mF = 0. This shift is of fundamental importance in the evaluation of the accuracy of the primary frequency standards based on atomic fountains and is employed in the realization of the SI second in the International Atomic Time scale at the level of 1×10–15. Our computed value for the polarizability is 0 = (6.600±0.016)×10–39C m2/V in agreement at the level of 1×10–3 with recent theoretical and experimental values. As regards the blackbody radiation shift we find for the relative hyperfine transition frequency = (–1.49±0.07)×10–14 at T = 300 K in agreement with frequency measurements reported by our group and by Bauch and Schröder [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 622 (1997)]. This value is lower by 2×10–15 than that obtained with measurements based on the dc Stark shift and than the value commonly accepted up to now. } } @article{LevCalLor04, author = {Filippo Levi and Davide Calonico and Luca Lorini and Salvatore Micalizio and Aldo Godone}, title = {Measurement of the blackbody radiation shift of the $^{133}${C}s hyperfine transition in an atomic fountain}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume = {70}, number = {3}, eid = {033412}, numpages = {5}, pages = {033412}, keywords = {caesium; blackbody radiation; hyperfine structure; atomic clocks; laser cooling; Stark effect; ground states}, abstract={ We used a Cs fountain to measure the Stark shift of the ground-state hyperfine transition frequency in cesium (9.2 GHz) due to the electric field of the blackbody radiation. The relative shift at 300 K deduced from our measurements, including the leading and the second-order term in temperature, is (–1.45±0.09)×10–14 and agrees with our recent theoretical evaluation (–1.51±0.07)×10–14 [Micalizio et al. Phys. Rev. A 69, 053401 (2004)]. These values differ from that currently used (–1.735±0.003)×10–14, with significant implications on frequency standards accuracy, on clocks comparison and on a variety of high-precision physics tests, such as the time stability of fundamental constants } } =============== @article{SchKanWei93, author={B. Schuh and S. I. Kanorsky and A. Weis and T. W. Hansch}, year={1993}, title={Observation of {R}amsey fringes in nonlinear {F}araday rotation}, journal={Opt. Comm.}, volume={100}, number={5-6}, pages={451-455}, abstract={The evolution of Delta m=2 ground state coherences was investigated in a thermal Rb atomic beam using spatially separated laser beams. The coherence was created by optical pumping with a linearly polarized light beam and was probed, after evolving in a homogeneous magnetic field via the rotation of the plane of polarization of a second light beam. The observed signal shows dispersively shaped Ramsey fringes with a fringe width of 6 kHz} } @misc{ USNOwww, key = {USNO}, note ={Time Service Department, U.S. Naval Observatory, http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/frontpage.html } } % 9/26/2004 % May 1st, 2002 % Andrei Derevianko andrei/physics.unr.edu % Compilation of refs on computiational techniques etc. % Last modified APD Monday, December 27, 2004 \bibitem {CroLusSkj94} William Cropp, Ewing Lusk, Anthony Skjellum, 1994, \emph{Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with Message-Passing Interface}, The MIT Press. @book{EllPhiLah94, Author={T. M. R. Ellis and Ivor R. Philips and Thomas M. Lahey}, Title= {Fortran 90 programming}, year = {1994}, edition = {}, publisher = { Addison-Wesley}, address = {}, annote = {Good book on Fortran90 standard} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Numerics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{PreFlaTeu86, author = {W. H. Press and B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling}, title = {Numerical Recipes: {T}he Art of Scientific Computing}, EDITION = {First}, year = {1986}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, annote = {Classical book} } @book{Spe00, author = {D.H.M. Spector}, title = {Building {L}inux Clusters : Scaling {L}inux for Scientific and Enterprise Applications}, EDITION = {First}, year = {2000}, publisher = {O'Reilly \& Associates}, address = {Sebastopol}, annote = {Beowulf clusters} } @book{SteBecSav99, author = {Th.L. Sterling and J.S.D.J. Becker and D.F. Savarese }, title = {How to Build a {B}eowulf: A Guide to the Implementation and Application of {PC} Clusters}, EDITION = {First}, year = {1999}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge}, annote = {Beowulf clusters} } @article{QuiFis00, author = {Ya.\ Qiu and C. {Froese Fischer}}, title = {Integration by Cell Algorithm for {S}later Integrals in a Spline Basis}, journal = {Comp.\ J. Phys.}, year = {2000}, volume = {}, pages = {}, note = {in press} } @book{Fle84, author = {C. W. A. Fletcher}, title = {Computational Galerkin Methods}, EDITION = {}, year = {1984}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } @article{SteSav99, author={Sterling, T. and Savarese, D.F.}, title={From toys to Teraflops: bridging the Beowulf gap}, journal={Int.\ J. High Perf.\ Comp.\ Appl.\}, volume={13}, number={3}, pages={191-200}, year={1999}, abstract={Do-it-yourself supercomputing has emerged as a solution to cost-effectively sustain the computational demands of the scientific research community. Despite some of the successes of this approach, represented by Beowulf-class computing, it has limitations that need to be recognized as well as problems that need to be resolved in order to extend its scope of applicability. While the performance of hardware incorporated into these systems has continued to improve at a remarkable rate, enabling the execution of steadily larger and more compute-intensive applications, the software environment of the machines has seen little to no improvement or evolution. The authors find that this gap between the rates of development of hardware and software is a crucial obstacle to the full exploitation of these systems into and beyond the Teraflops realm. They provide suggestions as to how this gap might be narrowed within the context of Beowulf-class computing}, note = {and references therein. See also www.beowulf.org} } @article{Ric99, author={J.R. Rice}, title={A Perspective on Computational Science in the 21st Century}, journal={Comp.\ in Sci.\ \& Eng.\}, volume={1}, number={2}, pages={14--16}, year={1999}, abstract={Computational science's driving force has been and will continue to be the steady and rapid growth in available raw computing power. This growth exceeds anything else witnessed in the history of technology. The challenge for the 21st Century is to exploit properly this enormous potential. Several fairly obvious directions of development can (and do) present great technical challenges, but the author's focus is on the less obvious challenges. He considers multiphysics phenomena, software validation, multiscale phenomena and computational intelligence}, annote={Concept of problem-solving environment} } @mastersthesis{ Qui99, author = {Ya.\ Qiu }, title = {Integration by Cell Algorithm for {S}later Integrals in a Spline Basis}, year = {1999}, school = {Vanderbilt University} } % General and atomic EDM references % For molecular EDM see molecularEDM.bib % Last modified APD Monday, December 27, 2004 % Reorginized the structure of the file % and moved some of the entries into more relevant % bib files (e.g. numeric.bib) % made a new file with liquid-related references %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % General %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{BigSan00, author = {I. I. Bigi and A. I. Sanda}, title = {CP Violation}, EDITION = {}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, annote = {} } @article{ForPatBar03, author ={E. Norval Fortson and Patrick Sandars and Steve Barr }, title ={The Search for a Permanent Electric Dipole Moment}, journal={Physics Today}, volume ={56(6)}, Xnumber={6}, pages ={33--39}, year ={2003}, abstract={Small-scale experiments sensitive to tiny effects could offer profound insights into what lies beyond the standard model of elementary particles.} } @book{KhrLam97, author = {I. B. Khriplovich and S. K. Lamoreaux}, title = {CP violation without strangeness. Electric dipole moments of particles, atoms, and molecules.}, EDITION = {}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {} } @article{Com93, author = {E. D. Commins}, title = {Atomic parity nonconservation and electric dipole moment experiments - a 1992 review}, journal= {Phys. Scr.}, volume = {T46}, pages = {92}, year = {1993} } @article{Sch63, author={L. I. Schiff}, title={Measurability of nuclear electric dipole moments}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.}, volume={132}, number={5}, pages={2194}, year={ 1963}, abstract={} } @article{Bar92, author={Barr, S. M.}, title={Measurable {T} and {P} odd electron-nucleon interactions from {H}iggs-boson exchange}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={68}, number={12}, pages={1822-5}, year={1992}, abstract={It is shown that in models in which neutral-Higgs-boson exchange mediates CP violation, T and P odd electron-nucleon interactions would arise at a measurable level. In two-doublet models for large tan beta ( approximately 30) the contribution of these interactions to the electric dipole moments of large atoms can exceed the contribution of the electron electric dipole.} } @incollection{ Mar92, author = {A.-M. M{\aa}rtensson-Pendrill }, title = {Calculation of {$P$}-- and {$T$}--violating properties in atoms and molecules}, booktitle = {Methods in computational chemistry}, volume = {5}, year = 1992, pages = {99--156}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, address = {New York}, editor = { S. Wilson} } @ARTICLE{San65, author = {P G H Sandars}, title = {The electric dipole moment of an atom}, journal = {Phys. Lett.}, volume = {14}, pages = {194}, year = {1965} } @ARTICLE{San66, author = {P G H Sandars}, title = {Enhancement factor for the electric dipole moment of the valence electron in an alkali atom}, journal = {Phys. Lett.}, volume = {22}, pages = {290}, year = {1966} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{BerBirBla01, author = {A. R. Berdoz and J. Birchall and J. B. Bland {\em et al.}}, title = {Parity violation in proton-proton scattering at 221 {MeV}}, journal= {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume = {87}, pages = {272301}, year = {2001} } @article{MicDeBBij37, author={A. Michels and J. De Boer and a. Bijl}, title={}, journal={Physica}, volume={4}, number={}, pages={981}, year={ 1937}, abstract={} } @article{RosChu01, author ={Rosenberry, M. A. and Chupp, T. E.}, title ={Atomic electric dipole moment measurement using spin exchange pumped masers of $^{129}${Xe} and $^3${He}}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume ={86}, pages ={22}, year ={2001}, abstract={We have measured the T-odd permanent electric dipole moment of /sup 129/Xe with spin exchange pumped masers and a /sup 3/He comagnetometer. The comagnetometer provides a direct measure of several systematic effects that may limit electric dipole moment sensitivity, and we have directly measured the effects of changes in leakage current that result when the applied electric field is changed. Our result, d(/sup 129/Xe)=0.73.3(stat)0.1(syst)*10/sup -27/ e cm, is a fourfold improvement in sensitivity} } @article{Mar85, author ={M{\aa}rtensson-Pendrill, {A.-M.}}, title ={Calculation of a {P-} and {T-}nonconserving weak interaction in {Xe} and {Hg} with many-body perturbation theory}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume ={54}, pages ={1153}, year ={1985}, abstract={The electronic part of a possible P- and T-nonconserving neutral-weak-current-induced electric dipole moment in atomic Xe and Hg was calculated with many-body perturbation theory. After the effects of this P- and T-nonconserving interaction on all core orbitals were treated self-consistently, thereby including all single-particle effects to all orders but no correlation effects, the results mu /sub e/=(5.2*10/sup -23/ e m)C/sub T/ sigma /sub N/ and mu /sub e/=-(6.0*10/sup -22/ e m)C/sub T/ sigma /sub N/, respectively, were obtained for Xe and Hg. The value for Xe can be combined with the recent experimental result mod mu /sub e/(/sup 129/Xe) mod <10/sup -28/e m, to give the upper limit mod C/sub T/ mod <2*10/sup -6/} } @article{HunCar63, author ={Hunt, E. R. and Carr, H. Y.}, title ={Nuclear magnetic resonance of {Xe}$^{129}$ in natural Xenon}, journal={Phys. Rev.} , volume ={130}, pages ={2302}, year ={1963}, } @unpublished{DzuFlaGin02_EDM, author ={V. A. Dzuba and V. V. Flambaum and J. S. M. Ginges and M. G. Kozlov}, title ={Electric dipole moments of {Hg}, {Xe}, {Rn}, {Ra}, {Pu}, and {TlF} induced by the nuclear {Schiff} moment and limits on time-reversal violating interactions}, year ={}, note ={e-print:hep-ph/0203202}, annote ={} } @article{DzuFlaSil85, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Silvestrov, P. G.}, title={Bounds on electric dipole moments and {T}-violating weak interactions of the nucleons}, journal={Phys. Lett. B}, volume={154B}, number={2-3}, pages={93-5}, year={1985}, abstract={Using the limit on the value of the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the /sup 129/Xe atom the authors obtained the following bounds on the constants of T-odd interactions: for the electron-nucleon interaction <4*10/sup -6/ G/sub F/, for the nucleon-nucleon interaction and appreciable nuclear spin polarization, suspended in a magnetic field H-->, will experience a torque of the form P--> x H-->. The maximum torque density in PbTiO3 compatible with existing limits on such interactions is estimated at a few times 10-6 erg/cm3. Some obvious "nuisance" effects are estimated and the theoretical sensitivity of such an experiment discussed. }, volume = {41}, pages = {586--590} } @ARTICLE{Sha68, author = "F L Shapiro", title = "Neutron and electron EDMs. FeIV?", journal = "Sov. Phys. Uspekhi", year = "1968", volume = "11", pages = "345", } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mos86, AUTHOR = "Moskalev, A. N.", TITLE = "Some macroscopic effects of P- and T-violation in atoms", BOOKTITLE = "Proc. of the International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei", YEAR = "1986", editor = "", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", address = "Berlin, West Germany", pages={638--9}, Abstract={ The methods of atomic physics and optics may be successfully used to investigate the P- and T-violating electron-nucleus interactions and to search the electric dipole moments of electron or nucleon. As an illustration the author considers the influence of such interactions on the electromagnetic properties of the substances (2 refs.) } } @article{JerBurCon02, author = {Jerzembeck, W. and Burger, H. and Constantin, L. and Margules, L. and Demaison, J. and Breidung, J. and Thiel, W. }, title = {Bismuthine BiH3: fact or fiction? High-resolution infrared, millimeter-wave, and Ab initio studies. }, year = {2002}, journal = {Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. }, abstract={}, volume = {41}, Xnumber = {14}, pages = {2550--2} } ======================================================= #Magnetometry Lam02 + @article{KomKorAll03, author = {I. K. Kominis and T. W. Kornack and J. C. Allred and M. V. Romalis }, title = {A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer }, year = {2003}, journal = {Nature}, abstract={}, volume = {422}, Xnumber = {14}, pages = {596--9} } @article{BudKimRoc00, author = {D. Budker and D. F. Kimball and S. M. Rochester and V. V. Yashchuk and M. Zolotorev}, title = {Sensitive magnetometry based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2000}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, Xeid = {043403}, numpages = {7}, pages = {043403}, keywords = {rubidium; magneto-optical effects; optical rotation}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v62/e043403} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Molecules @article{0022-3700-2-5-117, author={A K Chaudhry and K N Upadhya and D K Rai}, title={Rotational structure of the 2250 Angstrom system of the BiF molecule}, journal={Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics}, volume={2}, number={5}, pages={628-630-2}, year={1969}, abstract={The rotational analysis of the (0,0), (0,1) and (0,3) bands of the 2250 Angstrom system of the BiF molecule has been carried out and the molecular constants determined. The transition is found to be of the $^{1}$II-$^{3}$\Σ$^{-}$ type. } } %P. Kuijpers and A. Dymanus, Millimeter wave spectrum of gaseous bismuth monofluoride (BiF), Chemical Physics, Volume 24, Issue 1, 15 August 1977, Pages 97-103. %(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFM-44FDJ4F-31/2/0793774fa41d7ca70a5228a32c9ee58c) %Abstract: Rotational transitions of gaseous bismuth monofluoride (BiF) have been observed for the first time. The molecules were produced in a double oven system and subsequently led into the absorption cell at a temperature of 700 °C. Transitions (F',J + 1,v) F,J,v) with J = 4,6 and 7 and v = 0-6 in the O+ electronic ground state have been measured in the 65-110 GHz region. The hyperfine structure due to the Bi nucleus is completely resolved. Analysis of the spectrum yields the following rotational and hyperfine constants: Y01 = 6894.89594(84) MHz, Y11 = -45.0474(11) MHz, Y21 = 81.69(45) kHz, Y31 = 0.177(51) kHz, Y02 = -5.5440(73) kHz, eqeQ(Bi) = -1150.28(12) MHz, eqIQ(Bi) = 4.20(12) MHz, cBi = -30.0(5) kHz. In the Dunham constants Ylm contribution due to interaction with 1+-level is included. The equilibrium distance, potential and vibrational constants are derived. @BOOK{AndMos89, editor = {Lester Andrews and Martin Moskovits }, TITLE = {Chemistry and physics of matrix-isolated species }, PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Science}, YEAR = {1989}, address = {New York, NY, USA} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Molecules and EDM @article{KozLab95, author={Kozlov, M. G. and Labzowsky, L. N.}, title={Parity violation effects in diatomics}, journal={J. Phys. B}, volume={28}, number={10}, pages={1933-61}, year={1995}, abstract={Discussion of the parity violation and the break of the time-reversal invariance in diatomic molecules has continued for a number of years. Experiments on the TlF molecule gave one of the most stringent limits on the electric-dipole moment of the proton and on the T-violating nuclear forces. At present, a new generation of experiments with paramagnetic diatomic molecules is underway. These experiments are aimed mainly at the search for the electric-dipole moment of the electron. In this topical review we examine theoretical aspects of parity non-conservation in diatomic molecules. We focus on molecular theory leaving aside the nuclear part of the problem. In this approach the nucleus is characterized by the number of P-odd and P,T-odd moments, namely anapole moment, Schiff moment and magnetic quadrupole moment. Molecular theory has to link these moments to the experimentally measured quantities, such as frequency shifts, etc. The other possible sources of the parity non-conservation in molecules are the electron-nuclear neutral current interactions and the electric-dipole moment of the electron. They are also discussed in this review} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{KawBayBic04, author = {D. Kawall and F. Bay and S. Bickman and Y. Jiang and D. DeMille}, title = {Precision Zeeman-Stark Spectroscopy of the Metastable $a(1)[Sigma[sup +]]$ State of PbO}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {92}, number = {13}, eid = {133007}, Xnumpages = {4}, pages = {133007}, abstract={ The metastable a(1)[3+] state of PbO has been suggested as a suitable system in which to search for the electric dipole moment of the electron. We report here the development of experimental techniques allowing high-sensitivity measurements of Zeeman and Stark effects in this system, similar to those required for such a search. We observe Zeeman quantum beats in fluorescence from a vapor cell of PbO, with shot-noise limited extraction of the quantum beat frequencies, high counting rates, and long coherence times. We argue that improvement in sensitivity to the electron electric dipole moment by at least 2 orders of magnitude appears possible using these techniques. } } @article{WilRamLar84, author={Wilkening, D. A. and Ramsey, N. F. and Larson, D. J.}, title={Search for P and T violations in the hyperfine structure of thallium fluoride}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={29}, number={2}, pages={425-38}, year={1984}, abstract={A molecular-beam experiment using TIF is described. The experiment searched for a P- and T-violating interaction of the form H/sub PT/=d sigma /sub Tl/. lambda /sub TlF/, where d is a coupling constant, sigma to /sub T/ is a unit vector parallel to the thallium nuclear spin, and lambda /sub TlF/ is a unit vector parallel to the TlF internuclear axis. The experiment yields the null result d/h=8+or-12 mHz. Interpreting the interaction in terms of an electric dipole moment on the proton, D/sub p/, or in terms of a possible weak neutral-current tensor interaction with a coupling constant C/sub T/, this result corresponds to D/sub p/=(1.3+or-2.0)*10/sup -21/ e cm and C/sub T/=(6+or-9)*10/sup -6/G/sub F/, where the errors incorporate unexplained systematic effects as well as statistical errors} } @article{ChoSanHin89, author={Cho, D. and Sangster, K. and Hinds, E. A.}, title={Tenfold improvement of limits on T violation in thallium fluoride}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={63}, number={23}, pages={2559-62}, year={1989}, abstract={The authors have made a stringent test of time-reversal symmetry using nuclear-spin resonance in a rotationally cold, supersonic beam of thallium fluoride molecules. They searched for a shift of the 120-kHz thallium spin resonance when a 29.5-kV/cm external electric field was reversed relative to the nuclear spin and found this to be (1.4+or-2.4)*10/sup -4/ Hz. This is a tenfold improvement over their previous measurement in thallium fluoride. The derived constraints on the proton and electron electric dipole moments and on T violation in both strong and weak interactions are correspondingly improved} } @article{SchChoVol87, author={ {D. Schropp, Jr.} and Cho, D. and Vold, T. and Hinds, E. A.}, title={New limits on time-reversal invariance from the hyperfine structure of thallium fluoride}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={59}, number={9}, pages={991-4}, year={1987}, abstract={The authors have made a very precise test of time-reversal invariance using nuclear-spin resonance in a thallium fluoride molecular beam. They searched for a shift of the 120-kHz Tl resonance when an external electric field was reversed relative to the nuclear spin and found it to be (-2.2+or-2.1)*10/sup -3/ Hz, less than 0.02 p.p.m. and a fivefold improvement over any previous measurement. The result imposes new constraints on the proton electric dipole moment and on CP nonconservation in strong and weak interactions} } @article{StuCor04, author={Russell Stutz and Eric Cornell}, title={Search for the electron EDM using trapped molecular ions}, journal={Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc.}, volume={49}, number={3}, pages={76}, year={2004}, abstract={The current limit on the electron electric dipole moment (d_e < 1.6*10^-27 e*cm) was set using an atomic beam of Tl^1. We propose a new experiment using molecular ions trapped in an RF quadrupole and cooled to cryogenic temperatures using a Helium buffer gas. This new experiment would benefit from the large effective electric fields experienced by an electron in polar molecules which can be orders of magnitude larger than in heavy atoms^2. We also hope to achieve much longer spin coherent times than previous experiments, resulting in narrow magnetic resonance lines. Utilizing the near degenerate \Lambda-doublet present in some molecular ions, we expect to achieve a highly polarized sample of ions in a relatively weak (10's of V/cm) rotating electric field. This will lead to high sensitivities to d_e while minimizing systematic effects due to laboratory electric fields. Systematic effects should also be reduced by the low ion velocities compared to atomic beam experiments. } } @article{Koz97, author={M G Kozlov}, title={Enhancement of the electric dipole moment of the electron in the YbF molecule}, journal={J. Phys. B}, volume={30}, number={18}, pages={L607-L612}, year={1997}, abstract={ We calculate an effective electric field on the unpaired electron in the YbF molecule. This field determines the sensitivity of the molecular experiment to the electric dipole moment of the electron. We use experimental values of the spin-doubling constant IMG to estimate the admixture of the configuration with the hole in the 4f shell of ytterbium to the ground state of the molecule. This admixture reduces the field by 7\%. Our value for the effective field is IMG. } } @article{PosKhr91, author={M. Pospelov and I. B. Khriplovich}, title={}, journal={Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume={53}, number={}, page={638-640}, year={1991} } @article{Com99, author={E. D. Commins}, journal={Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, volume={40}, number={}, pages={1}, year={1999} } @article{RegComSch02, author={B. C. Regan and E. D. Commins and C. J. Schmidt and D. DeMille}, title={}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={88}, number={}, pages={071805}, year={2002} } @article{San67, author={P. G. H. Sandars}, title={}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={19}, number={}, pages={1396}, year={1967}, annote={Polar molecules and EDM proposal} } @book{Khr91, author={I. B. Khriplovich}, title = {Parity non-conservation in atomic phenomena}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Gordon and Breach}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } @article{KozDem02, author = {M. G. Kozlov and D. DeMille}, title = {Enhancement of the Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron in PbO}, publisher = {APS}, year = {2002}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {89}, number = {13}, eid = {133001}, Xnumpages = {4}, pages = {133001}, abstract={ The a(1) state of PbO can be used to measure the electric dipole moment of the electron de. We discuss a semiempirical model for this state, which yields an estimate of the effective electric field on the valence electrons in PbO. Our final result is a lower limit on the measurable energy shift, which is significantly larger than was anticipated earlier: 2|Wd|de2.4×1025Hz. } } @article{IsaPetMos02, author = {T. A. Isaev and A. N. Petrov and N. S. Mosyagin and A. V. Titov and E. Eliav and U. Kaldor}, title = {In search of the electron dipole moment: Ab initio calculations on 207PbO excited states}, year = {2002}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {69}, Xnumpages = {4}, pages = {030501(R)}, abstract={} } @article{HudSauTar02, author = {J. J. Hudson and B. E. Sauer and M. R. Tarbutt and E. A. Hinds}, title = {Measurement of the Electron Electric Dipole Moment Using YbF Molecules}, publisher = {APS}, year = {2002}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {023003}, abstract={The most sensitive measurements of the electron electric dipole moment de have previously been made using heavy atoms. Heavy polar molecules offer a greater sensitivity to de because the interaction energy to be measured is typically 103 times larger than in a heavy atom. We have used YbF to make the first measurement of this kind. Together, the large interaction energy and the strong tensor polarizability of the molecule make our experiment essentially free of the systematic errors that currently limit de measurements in atoms. Our first result de = (0.2pm 3.2) 10^-26 e.cm is less sensitive than the best atom measurement but is limited only by counting statistics and demonstrates the power of the method. }, keywords = {electrons; elementary particle electric moment; ytterbium compounds; fluorine compounds; molecular moments; polarisability; measurement errors} } @article{QuiSkaGra98, author={H M Quiney and H Skaane and I P Grant}, title={Hyperfine and PT -odd effects in YbF }, journal={J. Phys. B}, volume={31}, number={3}, pages={L85-L95}, year={1998}, abstract={Molecular spectroscopy is a sensitive probe of fundamental interactions because of the close energy spacing of hyperfine spin-rotational levels. The paramagnetic radical YbF IMG is the subject of current experimental activity in the search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the electron, the existence of which is suggested by particle physics models beyond those described by electroweak theory. We calculate electronic matrix elements of interactions which violate both parity- and time-reversal symmetry using ab initio relativistic molecular quantum mechanics. The accuracy of our approach is assessed by performing calculations of the IMG hyperfine structure of YbF, and comparing our results with experiment. } } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Structure of HBr+ and HI+ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{JulLemFen94, author={Jullien, S. and Lemaire, J. and Fenistein, S. and Heninger, M. and Mauciaire, G. and Marx, R. and Chambaud, G. and Rosmus, P.}, title={Radiative lifetimes of HBr/sup +/ and DBr/sup +/ (/sup 2/ Pi /sub 1/2/, v=0,1)}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={101}, number={1}, pages={265-70}, year={1994}, abstract={Radiative lifetimes of HBr/sup +/ and DBr/sup +/(/sup 2/ Pi /sub 1/2/, v=0, 1) have been determined using the monitor ion technique in a triple cell ICR spectrometer with Fourier transform detection. The experimental lifetimes corresponding to the vibrational transition upsilon =1 to 0 are 10.2+or-1 ms and 56/sub 11//sup +12/ ms for HBr/sup +/ and DB/sup +/, respectively. The lifetimes calculated by a coupled electron pair approximation (CEPA) method similar to the method used previously for HF/sup +/ and HCl/sup +/ are 8.8 ms for HBr/sup +/ and 35.8 ms for DBr/sup +/, in rather good agreement with the experimental results. A comparison with previous experimental and theoretical results on hydrogen halides shows a shortening of the lifetime between the neutrals and the corresponding ions and a lengthening with isotopic substitution (H by D) as well as with substitution of F by Cl or by Br. The lifetimes corresponding to spin-orbit relaxation are very long 852/sub -282//sup +621/ ms for HBr/sup +/ and 965/sub -323//sup 546/ ms for DBr/sup +/. They can be considered as equal within the quite large experimental uncertainty on the contribution of collisional deactivation} } @article{BarCau53, author={Barrow, R.F. and Caunt, A.D.}, title={The 2+-2i Band System of HBr+}, journal={Proc. Phys. Soc. A}, volume={66}, pages={617}, year={1953}, abstract={Rotational analyses of the 1, 1 and 0, 1 bands of the 2+-2i system of HBr+ have been made from spectrograms of moderate dispersion. The value of G1/2" is found to be 2348.3 cm-1. Estimates of the equilibrium vibrational constants for the ground state are: e" ~ 2450, xe"we" ~ 50 cm-1.} } @article{ChaHoDal95a, author={A. Chanda and W. C. Ho and F. W. Dalby and I. Ozier}, title={FINE AND HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE IN THE VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRUM OF THE CHI(2)PI STATE OF HBR+}, journal={J. Mol. Spect.}, volume={169}, number={}, pages={108-147}, year={1995} } @article{ChaHoDal95b, author={A. Chanda and W. C. Ho and F. W. Dalby and I. Ozier}, title={HYPERFINE-RESOLVED ROVIBRATIONAL SPECTRUM OF THE X(2)PI STATE OF HI+ }, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={102}, number={}, pages={8725-8735}, year={1995} } @book{CRC04, editor = {}, title = { CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}, EDITION = {85}, year = {2004}, publisher = {CRC Press}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{Dra96, editor = {Gordon W. F. Drake}, title = {Atomic, Molecular \& Optical Physics Handbook}, EDITION = {}, year = {1996}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Woodbury, New York}, annote = {} } @article{WebMurFla01, author={Webb, J. K. and Murphy, M. T. and Flambaum, V. V. and Dzuba, V. A. and Barrow, J. D. and Chuchill, C. W. and Prochska, J. X. and Wolfe, A. M.}, title={Further evidence for cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={87}, pages={091301}, year={2001} } @article{DalLew55, author = {A Dalgarno and J T Lewis}, title = {}, journal = {Proc. Roy. Soc.}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {70}, year = {1955}, } @article{Ste50, author = { R. M. Sternheimer}, title = {}, journal= {Phys. Rev.}, year = {1950}, volume = {80}, pages = {102}, annote = {inhomogenious equation} } @book{Dal61, author = {A. Dalgarno}, title = {Quantum theory}, volume = {1}, EDITION = {}, year = {1961}, publisher = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, Chapter = {5}, annote = {} } @incollection{Dal66, booktitle={Perturbation Theory and its Applications to Quantum Mechanics}, author={A. Dalgarno}, editor={C. H. Wilcox}, pages=165, publisher={John Wiley}, address={New York}, year=1966 } @article{BroRav51, author = { G. E. Brown and D. E. Ravenhall}, title = {On the Interaction of two electrons}, journal = {Proc.\ Roy.\ Soc. }, year = {1951}, volume = {A208}, pages = {552--9}, annote = {no-pair hamiltonian} } @book{Moo58, author = {Charlotte E. Moore}, title = {Atomic energy levels}, volume = {III}, EDITION = {}, year = {1958}, publisher = {National Bureau of Standards}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, annote = { Mo-Ac, Cs,Ba incl.} } @misc{ NIST_ASD, title = {{NIST} Atomic Spectra Database}, url = {http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/main_asd} } @book{RadSmi85, author = {A. A. Radzig and B. M. Smirnov}, title = {Reference Data on Atoms, Molecules and Ions}, EDITION = {}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {} } @article{JohBluSap88, author={Johnson, W. R. and Blundell, S. A. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Finite basis sets for the {D}irac equation constructed from {B}--splines}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={37}, number={2}, pages={307-15}, year={1988}, abstract={A procedure is given for constructing basis sets for the radial Dirac equation from B splines. The resulting basis sets, which include negative-energy states in a natural way, permit the accurate evaluation of the multiple sums over intermediate states occurring in relativistic many-body calculations. Illustrations are given for the Coulomb-field Dirac equation and tests of the resulting basis sets are described. As an application, relativistic corrections to the second-order correlation energy in helium are calculated. Another application is given to determine the spectrum of thallium (where finite-nuclear-size effects are important) in a model potential. Construction of B-spline basis sets for the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equations is described and the resulting basis sets are applied to study the cesium spectrum} } @ARTICLE{PDBook00, author = {{Groom}, D.E. and {Aguilar-Benitez}, M. and {Amsler}, C. and {Barnett}, R.M. and {Burchat}, P.R. and {Carone}, C.D. and {Caso}, C. and {Conforto}, G. and {Dahl}, O. and {Doser}, M. and {Eidelman}, S. and {Feng}, J.L. and {Gibbons}, L. and {Goodman}, M. and {Grab}, C. and {Gurtu}, A. and {Hagiwara}, K. and {Hayes}, K.G. and {Hern\'andez}, J.J. and {Hikasa}, K. and {Honscheid}, K. and {Kolda}, C. and {Mangano}, M.L. and {Manohar}, A.V. and {Masoni}, A. and {M\"onig}, K. and {Murayama}, H. and {Nakamura}, K. and {Navas}, S. and {Olive}, K.A. and {Pape}, L. and {Piepke}, A. and {Roos}, M. and {Tanabashi}, M. and {T\"ornqvist}, N.A. and {Trippe}, T.G. and {Vogel}, P. and {Wohl}, C.G. and {Workman}, R.L. and {Yao}, W.-M. and {Armstrong}, B. and {Casas Serradilla}, J.L. and {Filimonov}, B.B. and {Gee}, P.S. and {Lugovsky}, S.B. and {Nicholson}, F. and {Babu}, K.S. and {Besson}, D. and {Biebel}, O. and {Bloch}, P. and {Cahn}, R.N. and {Cattai}, A. and {Chivukula}, R.S. and {Cousins}, R.D. and {Damour}, T. and {Desler}, K. and {Donahue}, R.J. and {Edwards}, D.A. and {Erler}, J. and {Ezhela}, V.V. and {Fass\`o}, A. and {Fetscher}, W. and {Froidevaux}, D. and {Fukugita}, M. and {Gaisser}, T.K. and {Garren}, L. and {Geer}, S. and {Gerber}, H.-J. and {Gilman}, F.J. and {Haber}, H.E. and {Hagmann}, C. and {Hinchliffe}, I. and {Hogan}, C.J. and {H\"ohler}, G. and {Igo-Kemenes}, P. and {Jackson}, J.D. and {Johnson}, K.F. and {Karlen}, D. and {Kayser}, B. and {Klein}, S.R. and {Kleinknecht}, K. and {Knowles}, I.G. and {Kolb}, E.W. and {Kreitz}, P. and {Landua}, R. and {Langacker}, P. and {Littenberg}, L. and {Manley}, D.M. and {March-Russell}, J. and {Nakada}, T. and {Quinn}, H.R. and {Raffelt}, G. and {Renk}, B. and {Rolandi}, L. and {Ronan}, M.T. and {Rosenberg}, L.J. and {Sadrozinski}, H.F.W. and {Sanda}, A.I. and {Schmitt}, M. and {Schneider}, O. and {Scott}, D. and {Seligman}, W.G. and {Shaevitz}, M.H. and {Sj\"ostrand}, T. and {Smoot}, G.F. and {Spanier}, S. and {Spieler}, H. and {Srednicki}, M. and {Stahl}, A. and {Stanev}, T. and {Suzuki}, M. and {Tkachenko}, N.P. and {Turner}, M.S. and {Valencia}, G. and {van Bibber}, K. and {Voss}, R. and {Ward}, D. and {Wolfenstein}, L. and {Womersley}, J.}, title = "{Review of Particle Physics}", journal = "{The European Physical Journal}", year = 2000, volume = "C15", pages = {1+}, url = {http://pdg.lbl.gov} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Textbooks etc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Quantum Mechanics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{CohDiuLal96, author = {Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and Bernard Diu and Frank Laloe }, title = {Quantum Mechanics}, volume = {I and II}, EDITION = {}, year = {1998 }, publisher = { Wiley, John \& Sons}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{Mer98, author = {E. Merzbacher}, title = {Quantum Mechanics}, volume = {}, EDITION = {3}, year = {1998 }, publisher = { Wiley, John \& Sons}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{Hol95, author = {Barry R. Holstein}, title = {Topics in Advanced Quantum Mechanics}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1995 }, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{GreRei02, author = {Walter Greiner and J. Reinhardt}, title = {Quantum Electrodynamics}, volume = {}, EDITION = {3rd}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag }, address = {New York}, annote = {} } @book{BjoDre64, author = {James D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell}, title = {Relativistic Quantum Mechanics}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1964}, publisher = { }, address = {}, annote = { Good practical book on QED apps, especially v.1} } @book{BerLifPit82, author = {V. B. Berestetskii and E. M. Lifshitz and L. P. Pitaevskii}, title = {Quantum Electrodynamics}, EDITION = {Second}, year = {1982}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, address = {Oxford}, annote = {} } @book{LanLif97, author = {L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz}, title = {Quantum Mechanics}, volume = {III}, EDITION = {3}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Butterworth-Heinemann}, address = {}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Many-body physics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{Mig67, author = {A.B. Migdal}, title = {Theory of Finite {F}ermi Systems and Applications to Atomic Nuclei}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1967 }, publisher = {Interscience}, address = {New-York }, annote = {Brueckner orbital and self-energy discussion.} } @book{FetWal71, author = {A. L. Fetter and J. D. Walecka}, title = {Quantum Theory of Many-particle Systems}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1971 }, publisher = { McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } @book{HarMonFre92, author = {F. E. Harris and H. J. Monkhorst and D. L. Freeman}, title = {Algebraic and Diagrammatic Methods on Many-Fermion Theory}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1992 }, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%% Angular Momentum %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{VarMosKhe88, author = {D. A. Varshalovich and A. N. Moscalev and V. K. Khersonsky}, title = {Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum}, EDITION = {}, year = {1988}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address = {Singapore}, annote = {} } @book{Edm85, author = {A. R. Edmonds}, title = {Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics}, EDITION = {}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{Rosxx, author = {Morris Edgar Rose}, title = {Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum}, EDITION = {}, year = {xx}, publisher = {Dover}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{Zar88, author = {Zare, Richard N.}, title = {Angular momentum : understanding spatial aspects in chemistry and physics }, EDITION = {}, year = {1988}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Molecular Physics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{LefFie86, author = {H. Lefebvre-Brion and Robert W. Field }, title = {Perturbations in the spectra of diatomic molecules}, EDITION = {}, year = {1986}, publisher = { Academic Press}, address = {Orlando }, annote = {Almost introductory style book. No discussion of the external perurbations.} } @book{Miz75, author = {Masataka Mizushima }, title = {The theory of rotating diatomic molecules }, EDITION = {}, year = {1975}, publisher = { Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract={This book provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent experimental and theoretical work in this field, with an explanation of the basic underlying principles. It gives a complete set of all conceivably useful formulas for rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules including Zeeman and Stark effects and hyperfine structures and contains tables and appendices for collected data. In addition the author states several new results and new interpretations published for the first time}, annote = {Very detailed theoretical treatment} } @book{Kov69, author = {I. Kov\'{a}cs }, title = {Rotational structure in the spectra of diatomic molecules }, EDITION = {}, year = {1969}, publisher = { American Elsevier Pub. Co.}, address = {New York}, annote = {?????????????} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Scattering %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{Tay83, author = {John R. Taylor}, title = {Scattering Theory : The Quantum Theory of Non-Relativistic Collisions}, volume = {}, EDITION = {}, year = {1983}, publisher = {R.E. Krieger Pub. Co}, address = {Malabar, Fla. }, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Atom-radiation %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{ConDupGry92, editor = {C. Cohen-Tannoudji and J. Dupont-Roc and G. Grynberg}, title = {Atom-Photon Interactions}, year = {1992}, publisher = {}, address = {Wiley}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%% Mathematics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{AbrSte74, author = {M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegan}, title = {Handbook of mathematical functions}, EDITION = {}, year = {1974}, publisher = {Dover}, address = {}, annote = {} } @book{GraRyz00, author = {I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik}, title = {Table of Integrals, Series, and Products}, EDITION = {6th}, year = {2000}, publisher = { Academic Press}, address = {}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% E&M %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{Jac99, author = {J. D. Jackson}, title = {Classical Electrodynamics}, EDITION = {3rd}, year = {1999}, publisher = { John Willey \& Sons}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Quantum Chemistry %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{SzaOst82, author = {Attila Szabo and Neil S. Ostlund}, title = {Modern Quantum Chemistry}, EDITION = {}, year = {1982}, publisher = {Macmillan}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Atomic Physics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @book{LinMor86, author = {I. Lindgren and J. Morrison}, title = {Atomic Many--Body Theory}, EDITION = {Second}, year = {1986}, publisher = {Springer--Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {} } % Aug 15 2001 % Nov.1 2000 APD %======================================================================= % Transition amplitudes in He @article{JohPlaSap95, author={W. R. Johnson and D. R. Plante and J. Sapirstein}, title={Relativistic Calculations of Transition Amplitudes in the Helium Isoelectronic Sequence}, journal={Adv.\ At.\ Mol.\ Phys.}, volume={35}, number={}, pages={255}, year={1995}, annote={Transition amplitudes in He-line ions and general theory of multipole transions + negative energy states} } @article{SapCheChe99, author={Sapirstein, J. and Cheng, K. T. and Chen, M. H.}, title={Potential independence of the solution to the relativistic many-body problem and the role of negative-energy states in heliumlike ions}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={59}, number={1}, pages={259-66}, year={1999}, abstract={Solving the relativistic many-body problem using either many-body perturbation theory or configuration-interaction techniques is shown to lead to energies that depend slightly on the starting potential if the effects of virtual electron-positron pairs are excluded. If they are included without a correct implementation of quantum electrodynamics (QED), while this dependence is eliminated in a mathematical sense, the procedure is shown to give unphysical answers. When instead the effects of virtual electron-positron pairs are included using the S-matrix theory implementation of QED, the potential dependence is shown to be eliminated in a physical way through the inclusion of a particular class of Feynman diagrams} } @article{JohChe96, author={Johnson, W. R. and Cheng, K. T.}, title={Relativistic configuration-interaction calculation of the polarizabilities of heliumlike ions}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={53}, number={3}, pages={1375-8}, year={1996}, abstract={Polarizabilities of ions of the helium isoelectronic sequence with nuclear charges in the range 240, the diagonal hyperfine matrix elements disagree in sign with previously published multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock values. In view of these differences, the present matrix elements are used to reevaluate the fine-structure intervals Delta E/sub 10/ inferred from hyperfine quenching experiments for the ions Ni/sup 26+/, Ag/sup 45+/, and Gd/sup 62+/} } @article{Gar62, author ={R G Garstang}, title ={Hyperfine structure and intercombination line intensities in the spectra of Magnesium, Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury}, journal={J. Opt. Soc. Am.}, volume ={52}, number ={8}, pages ={845}, year ={1962}, annote={}, } @article{Lur62, author ={A Lurio}, title ={Hyperfine structure of the 3P states of $^{67}$Zn and $^{25}$Mg}, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume ={126}, number ={5}, pages ={1768}, year ={1962}, annote={}, } @article{BudSni69, author ={Budick, B. and Snir, J.}, title ={Hyperfine structure of the 6s6p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ level of the stable ytterbium isotopes}, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume ={178}, pages ={18}, year ={1969}, abstract={The techniques of level-crossing and anticrossing spectroscopy have been applied in a study of the h.f.s. of the excited 6s6p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ level of the stable ytterbium isotopes. Details concerning the anticrossing signal, its nature, shape, intensity, and dependence on polarized light are given. The values inferred for the h.f.s. constants are A(/sup 1/P/sub 1/)/g/sub J/=206.0(16) MHz for /sup 171/Yb (I=/sup 1///sub 2/) and A(/sup 1/P/sub 1/)/g/sub J/=56.9(5) MHz, B(/sup 1/P/sub 1/)/g/sub J/=575(7) MHz for /sup 173/Yb (I=/sup 5///sub 2/). The measured values for the /sup 1/P/sub 1/ level are compared with those calculated from the known h.f.s. constants of the /sup 3/P/sub 1/ and /sup 3/P/sub 2/ levels} } @article{HeiBri77, author ={Heider, S. M. and Brink, G. O.}, title ={Hyperfine structure of /sup 87/Sr in the /sup 3/P/sub 2/ metastable state}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={16}, pages ={1371}, year ={1977}, abstract={The hyperfine structure of the /sup 3/P/sub 2/-state of /sup 87/Sr has been studied in an atomic beam magnetic resonance experiment. From the measured transition frequencies Delta nu (F=13/2-11/2)=1346.497(6) MHz and Delta nu (F=11/2-9/2)=1170.208(6) MHz, the hyperfine interaction constants are calculated to be A=-212.765(1) MHz and B=67.215(15) MHz, where the quoted errors are those arising from the uncertainty of the experimental data. These results, combined with the /sup 3/P/sub 1/ hfs separations measured by zu Putlitz (1963), and Sternheimer's antishielding correction (1971), yield the value Q=0.335(20)b for the quadrupole moment} } @article{GruGusLin79, author ={Grundevik, P. and Gustavsson, M. and Lindgren, I. and Olsson, G. and Robertsson, L. and Rosen, A. and Svanberg, S.}, title ={Precision method for hyperfine-structure studies in low-abundance isotopes: The quadrupole moment of /sup 43/Ca}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume ={42}, pages ={1528}, year ={1979}, abstract={Precision hyperfine-structure measurements in the 4s4p/sup 3/P/sub 2/ metastable state of /sup 43/Ca were performed using the atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method combined with a single-mode dye laser for the detection. For the first time the electric quadrupole moment of the particularly interesting /sup 43/Ca nucleus was accurately determined: Q(/sup 43/Ca)=-0.065 (20)b. In addition, isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in the transition 4s4p/sup 3/P/sub 2/ to or from 4s5s/sup 3/S/sub 1/ were obtained using high-resolution laser spectroscopy} } @article{ClaCagLew79, author ={Clark, D. L. and Cage, M. E. and Lewis, D. A. and Greenlees, G. W.}, title ={Optical isotopic shifts and hyperfine splittings for Yb}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={20}, pages ={239}, year ={1979}, abstract={A cw tunable dye laser and atomic-beam techniques were used to determine the splittings and separations of the natural Yb isotopes for the 5556.5-AA, /sup 3/P/sub 1/-/sup 1/S/sub 0/ transition. The resonant scattering was recorded with an instrument resolution of 7 MHz full width at half-maximum, giving peak separations accurate to +or-0.5 MHz. The hyperfine splittings were analyzed to yield values of -0.382(19)% for the hyperfine anomaly and 10.9 GHz/fm/sup 2/ for the field-shift constant; these agree with published values. The optical isotope shifts obtained along with published electronic and muonic X-ray shifts, were analyzed to yield delta values and a specific mass shift in the range 200-300 MHz. This latter is considerably greater than is normally used for 6s/sup 2/-6s6p transitions. The model dependence of the isotopic-shift analysis was examined, and the hyperfine anomaly was compared with calculations based on Nilsson wave functions} } @article{ArnBerBop81, author ={Arnold, M. and Bergmann, E. and Bopp, P. and Dorsch, C. and Kowalski, J. and Stehlin, T. and Trager, F.}, title ={Hyperfine structure and nuclear moments of odd calcium isotopes by laser and radiofrequency spectroscopy}, journal={Hyperfine Int.}, volume ={9}, pages ={159}, year ={1981}, abstract={The nuclear quadrupole moments of /sup 41/Ca, /sup 43/Ca and /sup 45/Ca have been determined. For this purpose the hyperfine structure splitting of the atomic 4s4p /sup 3/P/sub 1/ state was measured. Two experimental techniques were applied: high-resolution laser saturation spectroscopy and combined laser-radiofrequency spectroscopy. The experimental quadrupole moments are in good agreement with theoretical values obtained from shell model calculations} } @ARTICLE{GerTan03, author = {Vladislav Gerginov and Carol E. Tanner}, title = {Heterodyne frequency calibration of high resolution cesium spectra using diode lasers }, journal = {Opt. Comm.}, year = {2003}, volume = {216}, pages = {391--399} } @BOOK{Arm71, author = {J. Lloyd Armstrong}, title = {Theory of the Hyperfine Structure of Free Atoms}, publisher = {Willey-Interscience}, year = {1971}, address = {New York}, } @article{YeiSieCer98, author={Wo Yei and Sieradzan, A. and Cerasuolo, E. and Havey, M. D.}, title={Measurement of hyperfine coupling constants of the 5d /sup 2/D/sub j/ levels in Cs using polarization quantum-beat spectroscopy}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={57}, number={5}, pages={3419-24}, year={1998}, abstract={A precise measurement of the 5d /sup 2/D/sub j/ (j=/sup 3///sub 2/,/sup 5///sub 2/) hyperfine structure in atomic Cs is reported. A pump and delayed-probe method based on quantum-beat spectroscopy has been used, whereby the linear polarization degree of the probe signal is determined as a function of probe delay. From the measured polarization beat frequencies for delays up to about 180 ns, the magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole coupling constants A and B for the two levels are obtained: A=-21.24(5) MHz and B=0.2(5) MHz for the 5d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ level and A=48.78(7) MHz and B=0.1(7) MHz for the 5d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ level} } @article{SieStoYei97, author={Sieradzan, A. and Stoleru, R. and Wo Yei and Havey, M.D.}, title={Measurement of hyperfine coupling constants in the 3d/sup 2/D/sub j/ levels of /sup 39/K, /sup 40/K, and /sup 41/K by polarization quantum-beat spectroscopy}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={55}, number={5}, pages={3475-83}, year={1997}, abstract={Hyperfine quantum-beat spectroscopy has been utilized in a pump-probe configuration to measure magnetic dipole (A) and electric quadrupole (B) coupling constants in the 3d/sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ and 3d/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ levels of three isotopes of potassium. For many of these levels, the largest hyperfine splitting is smaller than the natural width, and so a subnatural linewidth technique is required. In the experiments, the 3d levels are excited on the 4d/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ to 3d/sup 2/D/sub j/ quadrupole transition with linearly polarized light. Time evolution of the alignment components in the d levels is probed by time-delayed resonant radiation on the 3d/sup 2/D/sub j/ to 9p/sup 2/P/sub j/ transitions. Comparison of the excitation rate for two orthogonal relative polarization directions of the pump and probe laser at each delay time permits derivation of a linear polarization degree. This quantity contains beats at the various hyperfine frequencies in the d levels. Fitting the experimentally obtained time dependence to theoretical expressions allows extraction of the hyperfine coupling constants. For the 3d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ level of /sup 40/K we obtain A=0.96(4) MHz and B=0.37(8) MHz, indicating a typical precision also obtained for the other levels and isotopes} } @article{GusMar98, author={Gustavsson, M.G.H. and Martensson-Pendrill, A.-M. }, title={Need for remeasurements of nuclear magnetic dipole moments}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={58}, number={}, pages={3611-8}, year={1998}, abstract={The need for a reassessment of nuclear magnetic dipole moments is prompted by recent experiments on the ground-state hyperfine structure in highly charged hydrogenlike systems which are sufficiently sensitive to probe QED effects. This work gives an overview of the magnetic dipole moments for the nuclei of interest, i.e., /sup 165/Ho, /sup 185,187/Re, /sup 203,205/Tl, /sup 207/Pb, and /sup 209/Bi. It is found that the present uncertainties in the nuclear magnetic dipole moment limit the interpretation of the accurate experimental hyperfine structures for these systems } } @article{Sch55, author={Ch. Schwartz }, title={Theory of Hyperfine Structure}, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume={97}, number={}, pages={380-95}, year={1955}, abstract={} } @article{Rag89, author={P. Raghavan }, title={Table of nuclear moments}, journal={At. Data Nucl. Data Tables }, volume={42}, number={}, pages={189-291}, year={1989}, abstract={Presents a compilation of experimental data on static nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments for ground state and excited states of nuclides from /sup 1/H to /sup 254/Es. Listed along with the moments are the associated excitation energy, half-life, spin, and parity of the nuclear state, and the experimental method employed. The literature has been surveyed through early 1988. For those cases for which no new or improved data have been reported since 1977, selected data from the compilation in Appendix VII of the Table of Isotopes, edited by C.M. Lederer and V.S. Shirley (Wiley, New York, 1978), with appropriate revisions, have been included } } @article{BasFriFin96, author={Bastug, T. and Fricke, B. and Finkbeiner, M. and Johnson, W. R. }, title={The magnetic moment of $^{209}${Bi}. A molecular determination of the diamagnetic shielding }, journal={Z. Phys. D}, volume={37}, number={}, pages={281-2}, year={1996}, abstract={Using a self-consistent relativistic molecular Dirac-Fock-Slater code we have determined the charge density and the diamagnetic shielding at the /sup 209/Bi nucleus in the molecule Bi(NO/sub 3/)/sub 3/, which was used in the experiment for the g-factor. Our final value for the nuclear moment of /sup 209/Bi is mu /sub I/=4.1103+or-0.0005 mu /sub N/ } } @article{FeiJoh68, author={F. D. Feiock and Johnson, W. R. }, title={Relativistic evaluation of internal diamagnetic fields for atoms and ions }, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett}, volume={21}, number={}, pages={785-6}, year={1968}, abstract={ } } @article{Lam41, author={W. E. {Lamb, Jr.}}, title={ }, journal={Phys. Rev.}, volume={60}, number={}, pages={817}, year={1941}, abstract={} } @article{AngSan68, author={J. R. P. Angel and P. G. H. Sandars}, title={ The hyperfine structure Stark effect}, journal={Proc. Roy. Soc. A}, volume={305}, number={}, pages={125--138}, year={1968}, abstract={} } @article{BecEndWer93, author={O. Becker and K. Enders and G. Werth}, title={ Hyperfine Structure Measurements of the $^{151,153}\mathrm{Eu}^+$ ground state}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={48}, number={}, pages={3546}, year={1993}, abstract={Eu+ A , B, C, and even D HFS constants} } @article{JinWakIna95, author={W. G. Jin and M. Wakasugi and T. T. Inamura and and T. Murayama and T. Wakui and H. Katsuragawa and T. Ariga and T. Ishizuka and I. Sugai }, title={ Laser-rf double-resonance spectroscopy of {$^{177,179}\mathrm{Hf}$}}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={52}, number={}, pages={157--164}, year={1995}, abstract={Hf A , B, C HFS constants} } @article{Chi91, author={W. J. Childs}, title={ {M1}, {E2}, and {M3} hyperfine structure and nuclear moment ratios for $^{151,153}\mathrm{Eu}$}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={44}, number={}, pages={1523--1530}, year={1993}, abstract={Eu+ A , B, C HFS constants} } @article{RobGorPin95, author ={Robicheaux, F. and Gorczyca, T. W. and Pindzola, M. S. and Badnell, N. R.}, title ={Inclusion of radiation damping in the close-coupling equations for electron-atom scattering}, journal={Phys. \ Rev. \ A}, volume ={52}, number ={2}, pages ={1319-33}, year ={1995}, abstract={The close-coupling approximation for electron-atom scattering is extended to include the effect of one-photon radiation damping at a level nonperturbative in the wave function. The complex potential is derived and introduced directly into the set of integro-differential equations used to calculate the S matrix. The formulation is ideal for inelastic scattering and photoionization with radiation damping and can be used to calculate photorecombination cross sections. The numerical solution of the resulting differential equation is accomplished through a combination of R-matrix, perturbation theory, and analytic techniques. Some of the implications of this method are discussed. The connections to previous theoretical approaches are discussed} } % References on laser-atom interaction % Last modified July 2003 @article{ManOvsRap86, author={Manakov, N. L. and Ovsiannikov, V. D. and Rapoport, L. P.}, title={Atoms in a laser field}, journal={Phys. Rep.}, volume={141}, number={6}, pages={319-433}, year={1986}, abstract={The method of quasienergy states (QES) for describing a quantum system in the field of a monochromatic light wave is presented. The perturbation theory for QES and quasistationary (decay) QES is developed. Various methods of obtaining approximate Green functions of valence electrons in atoms used for numerical calculations of the multiphoton-transition cross sections are discussed. On the basis of the developed formalism the variation of the atomic spectrum in an intense field, the multiphoton ionization of atoms and the influence of the light field on electron-atom and atom-atom collision processes are examined} } @article{2893753, author={Manakov, N.L. and Marmo, S.I. and Fainshtein, A.G.}, title={Nonlinear susceptibilities of atoms at frequencies above the ionization threshold}, journal={Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki}, volume={91}, number={1}, pages={51-64}, year={July 1986}, abstract={The first correct calculation is reported of the third-harmonic generation coefficients beta and of the hyperpolarizabilities gamma of the ground and excited states of hydrogen atoms in alkali metals at above-threshold frequencies. The physical interpretation of the susceptibility due to atomic ionization in an optical field is discussed. A rapid decrease of beta and gamma at high frequencies is noted. The corrections that must be introduced in the strong-field photoeffect to account for the imaginary part of gamma are analyzed. It is shown that an approximate calculation method based on discarding the contribution of the intermediate continuum states to the composite matrix elements of perturbation theory is inadequate even for estimating the nonlinear susceptibilities} } % 9/25/2004 % May 4, 2003 % Apr 21, 2003 @article{AmiGou03, author={J M Amini and H Gould}, title={High Precision Measurement of the Static Dipole Polarizability of Cesium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett. }, volume={91}, number={}, pages={153001}, year={2003}, abstract={The cesium 6 ^2S_1/2 scalar dipole polarizability alpha_0 has been determined from the time-of-flight of laser cooled and launched cesium atoms traveling through an electric field. We find alpha_0 = 6.611¦0.009â10-39 C m2/V = 59.42¦0.08â10-24 cm^3 = 401.0¦0.6 (a_0)^3. The 0.14% uncertainty is a factor of 14 improvement over the previous measurement. Values for the 6 ^2P_1/2 and 6 ^2P_3/2 lifetimes and the 6 ^2S_1/2 cesium-cesium dispersion coefficient C6 are determined from alpha_0 using the procedure of Derevianko and Porsev [Phys. Rev. A 65, 053403 (2002)10.1103/PhysRevA.65.053403]} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{GutAmiFio02, author ={Gutterres, R. F. and Amiot, C. and Fioretti, A. and Gabbanini, C. and Mazzoni, M. and Dulieu, O.}, title ={Determination of the /sup 87/Rb 5p state dipole matrix element and radiative lifetime from the photoassociation spectroscopy of the Rb/sub 2/ 0/sub g//sup -/(P/sub 3/2/) long-range state}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={66}, pages ={024502}, year ={2002}, abstract={We present a detailed study of the 0/sub g//sup -/(P/sub 3/2/) pure long-range electronic state of the /sup 87/Rb/sub 2/ molecule. The high-resolution spectral data provided by photoassociative spectroscopy of /sup 87/Rb/sub 2/ is analyzed by using the generalized simulated annealing method. The dipole matrix element of the 5p /sup 87/Rb atomic state and other effective asymptotic parameters for the 0/sub g//sup -/(P/sub 3/2/) long-range state are determined and a complete analytical description of the potential well is obtained. We extract a radiative lifetime of the 5P/sub 3/2/ and 5P/sub 1/2/ states equal to 26.25(8) ns and 27.75(8) ns, respectively, with a precision (0.3%) comparable to atomic physics experiment} } @article{AmiDulGut02, author ={Amiot, C. and Dulieu, O. and Gutterres, R. F. and Masnou-Seeuws, F. }, title ={Determination of the {C}s$_2$ {$0_g^{-}(P_{3/2})$} potential curve of {C}s {$6P_{1/2,3/2}$} atomic radiative lifetimes from photoassociation spectroscopy}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={66}, pages ={052506}, year ={2002}, abstract={An analytical expression for the external well of the Cs2 0g-" align="middle">(6s + 6P3/2) double-well potential curve is derived, involving asymptotic parameters fitted on the spectrum obtained from photoassociation of ultracold cesium atoms and ultracold molecule formation [Fioretti et al., Europhys. J. D 5, 389 (1999)]. The results are compared to a previous Rydberg-Klein-Rees determination from our group, and may have consequences on the determination of cesium triplet scattering length. Values for radiative lifetimes 3/2 = 30.462(3) ns and 1/2 = 34.88(2) ns of the 6P3/2 and 6P1/2 atomic levels, respectively, are extracted with an accuracy better than previous determinations. The method of Derevianko and Porsev [Phys. Rev. A 65, 053403 (2002)], allows the derivation of an improved value for the van der Waals coefficient of ground-state cesium molecule, C66s" align="middle"> = 6828(19) a.u.} } @article{VolMajLie96, author={Volz, U. and Majerus, M. and Liebel, H. and Schmitt, A. and Schmoranzer, H.}, title={Precision lifetime measurements on Na I 3p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 3p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ by beam-gas-laser spectroscopy}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={76}, number={16}, pages={2862}, year={1996}, abstract={The lifetimes of the fine-structure levels 3p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 3p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ in neutral sodium were determined at improved precision (+or-0.13%, 1 sigma ) by means of the beam-gas-laser spectroscopy method. The resulting lifetimes of 16.299(21) and 16.254(22) ns, respectively, are in excellent agreement with the results of the most refined theoretical calculations. The long-standing discrepancy between ab initio line strength calculations and the measurements of Gaupp et al. [Phys. Rev. A 26, 3351 (1982)] for the Na I 3s-3p transition appears to be resolved now. In addition, the hyperfine constants of the 3p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ level were determined} } @article{JohJulLet96, author={Jones, K. M. and Julienne, P. S. and Lett, P. D. and Phillips, W. D. and Tiesinga, E. and Williams, C. J.}, title={Measurement of the atomic {Na(3P)} lifetime and of retardation in the interaction between two atoms bound in a molecule}, journal={Europhys. Lett.}, volume={35}, number={2}, pages={85-90}, year={1996}, abstract={From molecular spectroscopy of the Na/sub 2/ purely long-range 0/sup -//sub g/ state we determine the Na(3P) lifetime and measure the predicted but previously unobserved effect of retardation in the interaction between two atoms. Our lifetime tau (P/sub 3/2/)=16.230(16) ns helps to remove a longstanding discrepancy between experiment and theory. Electron cloud overlap is unimportant in the 0/sup -//sub g/ state (R>55a/sub 0/) and the spectrum is calculated, ab initio, from atomic properties. By measuring the binding energies the 120 MHz correction due to retardation of the resonant-dipole R/sup -3/ interaction is confirmed} } % June 30, 2001 @article{SasDemCol92, author={Sasso, A. and Demtroder, W. and Colbert, T. and Wang, C. and Ehrlacher, E. and Huennekens, J.}, title={Radiative lifetimes, collisional mixing, and quenching of the cesium 5D/sub J/ levels}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={45}, number={3}, pages={1670-83}, year={1992}, abstract={The authors report the results of a series of pulsed and CW laser experiments which measure spontaneous and effective lifetimes of the Cs(5D/sub J/) levels and investigate excitation-transfer collisions involving Cs(5D/sub J/) atoms and ground-state-cesium perturbers. With CW excitation of the dipole-forbidden but electric-quadrupole-allowed 6S/sub 1/2/ to 5D/sub 5/2/ transition, the authors monitor the ratio of sensitized to direct fluorescence, i.e., I/sub 5D3/2/ to 6P/sub 1/2//I/sub 5/D/sub 5/2/ to 6P/sub 3/2/. A rate-equation analysis of these data yields values for the Cs(5D/sub 5/2/)+Cs(6S) to Cs(5D/sub 3/2/)+Cs(6S) excitation-transfer rate, and for the rate of quenching of Cs(5D) by ground-state perturbers. The role of out-of-multiplet quenching is discussed at length, and the authors have demonstrated that quenching by ground-state atoms dominates over that by cesium dimers under these conditions. In the pulsed-laser experiments, the temporal evolution of the 5D/sub J/ to 6S and cascade 6P/sub J'/ to 6S fluorescence was observed following either direct forbidden-line pumping of one fine-structure level, or indirect excitation of both fine-structure levels (i.e., molecular excitation followed by predissociation). Analysis of the buildup and decay rates of the various levels as a function of cesium density yields values for the natural lifetimes of the Cs(5D/sub J/) levels, as well as for the excitation transfer and quenching rates. Best values for the lifetimes and cross sections for Cs-Cs collisions obtained from these combined experiments are tau /sub 5D/=1250+or-115 ns, sigma /sub 5/2 to 3/2/=36+or-8 AA/sup 2/, and sigma /sub 5D/=30+or-3 AA/sup 2/. In addition, numbers for the 6P level-quenching cross sections due to collisions with Cs atoms and Cs/sub 2/ molecules, respectively, were obtained: sigma /sub 6P/(Cs)=6.6+or-3.0 AA/sup 2/ and sigma /sub 6P/(Cs/sub 2/)=863+or-260 AA/sup 2/. In the discussion, the authors show how these new values can be used to reconcile the seemingly discrepant results of several previous studies} } @article{RafTan98, author={Rafac, R. J. and Tanner, C. E.}, title={Measurement of the ratio of the cesium D-line transition strengths}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={58}, number={2}, pages={1087-97}, year={1998}, abstract={High-precision laser absorption spectroscopy in a thermal vapor cell is used in the measurement of the ratio of the D-line transition strengths in the cesium atom. We find |<6p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/||r||6s/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/>|/sup 2//|<6p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/||r||6s/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/>|/sup 2/=1.9809(9), which compares favorably with the ratio calculated from the most precise lifetime measurements of these states and the predictions of ab initio calculation. We also verify the predictions of impact-regime line-broadening calculations for densities of order 10/sup 18/ atoms per m/sup 3/. Theoretical implications and future experimental promise are discussed} } @article{DiBTanSie98, author={DiBerardino, D. and Tanner, C. E. and Sieradzan, A.}, title={Lifetime measurements of cesium 5d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2,3/2/ and 11s /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ states using pulsed-laser excitation}, journal={Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics)}, volume={57}, number={6}, pages={4204-11}, year={1998}, abstract={We report measurements of the 5d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/, 5d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/, and 11s /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ state lifetimes in the /sup 133/Cs atom to be 1281(9), 909(15), and 351(4) ns, respectively. A pulsed-dye laser selectively excites atomic Cs from the ground state, via a single-photon quadrupole transition, to the 5d states and, via a two-photon electric dipole transition, to the 11s state. A spectrometer-photomultiplier system detects the fluorescence from the decay of interest and a digitizing oscilloscope records the direct output of the photomultiplier. The data are fit to an exponential function to yield a value for the mean lifetime of the selected state} } @article{YouHilSib94, author={Young, L. and {Hill, W. T., III} and Sibener, S. J. and Price, S. D. and Tanner, C. E. and Wieman, C. E. and Leone, S. R.}, title={Precision lifetime measurements of Cs 6p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ levels by single-photon counting}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={50}, number={3}, pages={2174-81}, year={1994}, abstract={Time-correlated single-photon counting is used to measure the lifetimes of the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ levels in atomic Cs with accuracies approximately=0.2-0.3%. A high-repetition-rate, femtosecond, self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is used to excite Cs produced in a well-collimated atomic beam. The time interval between the excitation pulse and the arrival of a fluorescence photon is measured repetitively until the desired statistics are obtained. The lifetime results are 34.75(7) and 30.41(10) ns for the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ levels, respectively. These lifetimes fall between those extracted from ab initio many-body perturbation-theory calculations by Blundell, Johnson, and Sapirstein (Phys. Rev. A 43, 3407 (1991)) and V. A. Dzuba et al. (Phys. Lett. A 142, 373 (1989)) and are in all cases within 0.9% of the calculated values. The measurement errors are dominated by systematic effects, and methods to alleviate these and to approach an accuracy of 0.1% are discussed. The technique is a viable alternative to the fast-beam laser approach for measuring lifetimes with extreme accuracy} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Lifetimes for alkalis %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{VolSch96, author={Volz, U. and Schmoranzer, H.}, title={Precision lifetime measurements on alkali atoms and on helium by beam-gas-laser spectroscopy}, journal={Phys.\ Scr.}, volume={T65}, number={}, pages={48-56}, year={1996}, abstract={The results of a new series of precision lifetime measurements on alkali atoms by means of beam-gas-laser spectroscopy are reported and discussed. The lifetimes of the first excited states in lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium were measured with uncertainties ranging from 0.14% to 0.25%. The results are discussed in comparison with other recent experimental and theoretical work. The longstanding discrepancy between ab initio line strength calculations and the measurements of Gaupp et al. [Phys. Rev. A26, 3351 (1982)] for the resonance transitions in lithium and sodium is resolved by the new measurements in favour of the theoretical calculations. Finally the role of the beam divergence in lifetime measurements on fast particle beams is discussed and a method to correct for this effect is presented. The importance of the beam divergence effect is illustrated by additional recent lifetime measurements on helium and on lithium} } @article{McAAbrHul96, author={McAlexander, W. I. and Abraham, E. R. I. and Hulet, R. G.}, title={Radiative lifetime of the {2P} state of lithium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={54}, number={1}, pages={R5--R8}, year={1996}, abstract={We determine the radial dipole moment between the 2S and 2P states of atomic lithium by analyzing the long-range vibrational eigenenergies of the singly excited diatomic molecule. The result can be expressed in terms of the 2P/sub 1/2/ radiative lifetime of /sup 7/Li, which is found to be 27.102(2)(7) ns. This result agrees with most current atomic-structure calculations and resolves the long-standing disagreement with previous experiment. The current level of precision is sensitive to relativistic effects in the atomic-structure calculation and to non-Born-Oppenheimer and radiation retardation effects in the molecule} } @article{WanLiWan97, author={Wang, H. and Li, J. and Wang, X. T. and Williams, C. J. and Gould, P. L. and Stwalley, W. C.}, title={Precise determination of the dipole matrix element and radiative lifetime of the /sup 39/K 4p state by photoassociative spectroscopy}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={55}, number={3}, pages={R1569-72}, year={1997}, abstract={Rovibrational levels ( nu =0-30) of the 0/sub g//sup -/ "pure long-range" state of /sup 39/K/sub 2/ are observed by photoassociative spectroscopy of ultracold potassium atoms prepared in a high-density magneto-optical trap. The measured molecular binding energies are used to precisely determine the long-range dipole-dipole potential constant C/sub 3//sup II/ of the K(4s)+K(4p) asymptote and the radiative lifetime of the 4p state. We determine C/sub 3//sup II/=-5.456(9) zJ mm/sup 3/ (-8.445(14) a.u.), tau (4 /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/)=26.34(5) ns, and tau (4 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/)=26.69(5) ns. Our result is a significant improvement in precision over previous lifetime measurements and agrees well with the recent fast-beam experiment [U. Volt and H. Schmoranzer, Phys. Scr. T65, 48 (1996)]} } @unpublished{FreTsaCliXX, author={R. S. Freeland and C. C. Tsai and R. A. Cline and J. D. Miller and D. J. Heinzen and M. Marinescu and A. Dalgarno}, title={Precise Rb 5p state radiative lifetime} } @article{RafTanLiv99, author={Rafac, R. J. and Tanner, C. E. and Livingston, A. E. and Berry, H. G.}, title={Fast-beam laser lifetime measurements of the cesium $6p^2{P}_{1/2,3/2}$ states}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={60}, number={5}, pages={3648-62}, year={1999}, abstract={We provide a detailed description of our fast-beam laser lifetime measurements in atomic cesium. Selective excitation of the neutral /sup 133/Cs 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ and 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ states is accomplished with resonant diode laser light directed transversely to the atomic velocity. The in-flight decay of the excited-state fluorescence is observed with a position-correlated single photon-counting detector. The Doppler-shifted 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ resonance, when probed with longitudinally propagating laser radiation, provides a precise means for determination of the beam velocity, and converts the position scale to a time scale. Our lifetime results are 35.07+or-0.10 ns for the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ state and 30.57+or-0.07 ns for the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ state. These results represent a data set larger than in our previous work, and include beam divergence corrections which have been evaluated by two different methods. We present comparisons of our results with previous measurements and with relativistic many-body calculations of atomic transition matrix elements in this neutral alkali system} } @article{SimOroSpr98, author={Simsarian, J. E. and Orozco, L. A. and Sprouse, G. D. and Zhao, W. Z.}, title={Lifetime measurements of the $7p$ levels of atomic francium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={57}, number={4}, pages={2448-58}, year={1998}, abstract={We present lifetime measurements of the 7p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ and 7p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ levels of Fr. We use a time-correlated single-photon counting technique on a cold sample of /sup 210/Fr atoms in a magneto-optic trap. We excite the atoms with the trapping and repumping beams of the magneto-optic trap and detect the decay of the atomic fluorescence. The results are a precision experimental test of the atomic many-body perturbation theory applied to the heaviest alkali metal. The lifetime results are 21.02(11) ns and 29.45(11) ns for the 7p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ and 7p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ levels, respectively. This gives a line strength ratio S/sub 1/2//S/sub 3/2/ of 0.526(3) for these levels in Fr. To study sources of systematic errors we measure the lifetimes of 5p/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ and 5p/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ in stable /sup 87/Rb and obtain 26.20(9) ns and 27.64(4) ns, respectively} } @article{ShabMonKhl79, author={Shabanova, L. N. and Monakov, Yu. N. and Khlyustalov, A. N.}, title={Oscillator strengths of lines in the principal series of cesium}, journal={Opt.\ Spektrosk. }, volume={47}, number={1}, pages={3-7}, year={1979}, abstract={The oscillator strengths of twenty-nine lines in the principal series of the cesium atom are measured by the Rozhdestvenskii hook method. The ratio of f-values of the strong and weak components is determined for the first seven doublets of the series. The value of the ratio f/sub 3/2//f/sub 1/2/ increases monotonically along the series. The threshold value of the photoionization cross section is found from the measured values of oscillator strengths by extrapolating the spectral density of the oscillator strength df/dE in the continuum. The results obtained are compared with available data in the literature}, note={[Opt.\ Spectrosc. (USSR) {\bf 47}, 1 (1979)]} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Liquid (cell model)-related references (liquid.bib) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% # # Last modified APD Monday, December 27, 2004 @article{FroYngFro87, author={Per Olof Fröman and Staffan Yngve and Nanny Fröman }, title={The energy levels and the corresponding normalized wave functions for a model of a compressed atom}, journal={J.\ Math.\ Phys.}, volume={28}, number={8}, pages={1813--1826}, year={ 1987}, abstract={In the model of a compressed atom (or ion) considered in the present paper the boundary condition associated with the corresponding uncompressed atom, i.e., the condition that the radial wave function must vanish at r=, is replaced by the boundary condition that the radial wave function must have a node at the finite distance r=a. The treatment of the problem of obtaining the energy shift due to the compression is based on the phase-integral method developed by Fröman and Fröman, an essential feature of which is that one can use exact formulas in the calculations and make all approximations in the final stage. The treatment of the problem of obtaining the relative change of the wave function due to the compression is based on the rigorous evaluation of the normalization integral developed by Furry [Phys. Rev. 71, 360 (1947)] and Yngve [J. Math. Phys. 13, 324 (1972)], in which one also uses exact formulas in the calculations and makes all approximations in the final stage. Since compression of an atom gives rise to very subtle effects, rigorous methods are indispensible for obtaining accurate and reliable analytical final formulas. As an application, the resulting general formulas are particularized to the case of a hydrogenic atom, and a numerical illustration of the accuracy of the formulas is given. } } @article{Pat02, author ={Patil, S. H.}, title ={Wavefunctions for the confined hydrogen atom based on coalescence and inflexion properties}, journal={J. Phys. B}, volume ={35}, pages ={255}, year ={2002}, abstract={The energy eigenfunctions; of a confined hydrogen atom have a simple coalescence property near the Centre, and an inflexion property at the boundary and nodal points. Using these properties, simple wavefunctions are developed for the lowest energy state and first excited state with a given l, and also for the ground state perturbed by a multipolar potential. The predictions for the energies and multipolar polarizabilities are in close agreement with the numerically obtained accurate values} } @article{WisHarLan76, author ={Wisdom, J. and Hartquist, T. W. and Lane, N. F.}, title ={He($2 ^3S$) bubble in liquid helium}, journal={Phys. Rev. B}, volume ={14}, pages ={4205}, year ={1976}, abstract={The nature of the 'bubble' surrounding a 2/sup 3/S metastable helium atom in liquid helium is calculated using the model of Padmore and Cole (T.C. Padmore and M.W. Cole, Phys. Rev. A, vol.9, p.802 (1974)) to describe the energy of the perturbed liquid. A value of the 2/sup 3/S to 2/sup 3/P absorption line shift is obtained in agreement with experiment and with calculations by Hickman, Streets and Lane (Phys. Rev. B, vol.12, p.3705 (1975)) and also a local density distribution is obtained in agreement with the form given by Hansen and Pollock (J.P. Hansen and E.L. Pollock, Phys. Rev. A, vol.5, p.2214 (1972))} } @article{HicLan71, author ={Hickman, A. P. and Lane, N. F.}, title ={Localized excited states of helium in liquid helium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume ={26}, pages ={1216}, year ={1971}, abstract={Excited atom-like states of helium are shown to exist in stable cavities in liquid helium. A variational model, similar to that used to describe electrons in liquid helium, is employed. It is found that the cavities surrounding these excited atoms are much smaller than in the 'free'-electron case. Calculated positions of several atomic lines are found to be in good agreement with measured values} } @article{NakYabBer02, author ={Nakatsukasa, T. and Yabana, K. and Bertsch, G. F.}, title ={Application of density-functional theory to line broadening: {Cs} atoms in liquid helium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume ={65}, pages ={032512}, year ={2002}, abstract={We test the applicability of density-functional theory (DFT) to spectral perturbations taking an example of a Cs atom surrounded by superfluid helium. The atomic DFT of helium is used to obtain the distribution of helium atoms around the impurity atom, and the electronic DFT is applied to the excitations of the atom, averaging over the ensemble of helium configurations. The shift and broadening of the D/sub 1/ and D/sub 2/ absorption lines are quite well reproduced by theory, suggesting that the DFT may be useful for describing spectral perturbations in more complex environments} } @article{StaBen91, author ={Stampfli, P. and Bennemann, K. H.}, title ={Theoretical results for the density dependence of the electron affinity of nonpolar liquids {Ar}, {Kr}, and {Xe}}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={44}, pages ={8210}, year ={1991}, abstract={Previous simple theories for the binding energy of excess electrons in liquid Ar, Kr, and Xe, which corresponds to the electron affinity, could not get good agreement with experimental results for the whole range of liquid densities. Here, the authors present an improvement of these theories yielding results for the electron affinity of liquid rare gases, which agree well with experiments at all densities, including the solid phase. This theory is quite universal and can also be directly applied to the electron affinity of liquids of nonpolar molecules} } @book{Kal01, author ={V. I. Kalikmanov}, title ={Statistical Physics of Fluids, Basic Concepts and Applications}, edition ={}, year ={2001}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, address ={Heidelberg}, annote ={} } %9/26/2004 %%%%%%%%%% MBPT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% CC @article{Ciz66, author = {J. \v{C}\`{i}\v{z}ek}, title = { On the correlation problem in atomic and molecular systems. Calculation of wavefunction components in {U}rsell-type expansion using quantum-field theoretical methods }, journal = {J. Chem.\ Phys.}, year = {1966}, volume = {45}, pages = {4256--67}, annote = { Classical work on coupled-cluster} } @article{CoeKum60, author = {F. Coester and H. G. K\"{u}mmel}, title = {}, journal = {Nucl.\ Phys.}, year = {1960}, volume = {17}, pages = {477}, annote = {Classical work on coupled-cluster in Nucl. Phys.} } @article{BisKum87, author = {R. F. Bishop and H. G. K\"{u}mmel}, title = {The coupled-cluster method}, journal = {Physics Today}, year = {1987}, volume = {3}, pages = {52--60}, annote = {General multi-field review for a general reader} } @article{ArpBisPaj87, author={Arponen, J. S. and Bishop, R. F. and Pajanne, E.}, title={Extended coupled-cluster method. II. Excited states and generalized random-phase approximation}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={36}, number={6}, pages={2539-49}, year={1987}, abstract={For pt.I see ibid., vol.36, no.6, p.2519-38 (1987). This article gives a discussion of the application of the extended coupled-cluster method (ECCM) to the excited states of a general quantum many-body system. The direct eigenvalue equations for the excitation amplitudes of both the ket and the bra eigenstates are derived in the biorthogonal basis obtained by a double similarity transformation. The equations correspond to the diagonalization of a matrix involving second-order functional derivatives of the average-value functional for the Hamiltonian with respect to the basic ECCM amplitudes. The same excitation spectrum is obtained by considering small oscillations around the equilibrium. The problem with its associated effective Hamiltonian has the structure of a generalized random-phase approximation. By diagonalizing the effective Hamiltonian The authors perform a canonical or symplectomorphic coordinate transformation into normal coordinates in the symplectic ECCM phase space. In this coordinate system the exact average-value functional for the Hamiltonian has a structure analogous to that of classical lattice dynamics or the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory. At all stages the method satisfies the property of quantum locality, which in real space shows up as a definite quasilocality. Due to this property the method allows, for example, the treatment of mesonlike excitations in the presence of topological objects or in other symmetry-broken equilibrium states} } @phdthesis{ Liu89, author = {Z. W. Lui}, title = {Pair Correlation Effects in the Relativistic Many-body Calculation of Atomic Polarizabilities}, year = {1989}, school = {University of Notre Dame} } @article{Noo00, author = {M. Nooijen}, title = {Can the Eigenstates of a Many-body {H}amiltonian Be Represented Exactly Using a General Two-body Cluster Expansion?}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, year = {2000}, volume = {84}, pages = {2108-11} } @article{NooLot00, author = {M. Nooijen and V. Lotrich}, title = {{B}rueckner Based Generalized Coupled Cluster Theory: implicit inclusion of higher excitation effects}, journal = {J. Chem.\ Phys.}, year = {2000}, volume = {}, pages = {}, note = {submitted} } @article{Nak76, author={Nakatsuji, H.}, title={Equation for the direct determination of the density matrix}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={14}, number={1}, pages={41-50}, year={1976}, abstract={A necessary and sufficient condition on the nth order energy density matrix is obtained which ensures that the total wave function satisfies the Schrodinger equation. The theorem implies that for the exact density matrix it is everywhere proportional locally to the energy density matrix with a fixed and given proportionality constant. The necessary and sufficient condition gives an equation which can be solved directly for the density matrix without first determining the wave function. The method may be applied to both fermion and boson systems and to both ground and excited states. In lowest order it depends explicitly only on the fourth-order density matrix. It is claimed that the labour of solving the system is independent of the number of particles} } @book{LinMor86, author = {I. Lindgren and J. Morrison}, title = {Atomic Many--Body Theory}, EDITION = {Second}, year = {1986}, publisher = {Springer--Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {} } @article{Sap98, author={Sapirstein, J.}, title={Theoretical methods for the relativistic atomic many-body problem}, journal={Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.}, volume={70}, number={1}, pages={55-76}, year={1998}, abstract={Because of the well-understood nature of the electromagnetic interaction, the presence of a well-defined center of force, and the relative unimportance of nonperturbative effects, the atomic many-body problem is argued to be an ideal laboratory for the study of high-accuracy theoretical many-body techniques. In particular, the convergence of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) for highly charged ions is so rapid that the relativistic generalization of the Schrodinger equation can be accurately solved with MBPT through second order. Relatively large radiative corrections in these ions require the integration of QED and MBPT, which can be accomplished by using S-matrix theory. However, to reach high accuracy for neutral atoms, methods based on summation of infinite classes of MBPT diagrams are required. Both RPA and Brueckner-orbital-type summations are needed to reach the one-percent level for heavy atoms, and to proceed further the need for the evaluation of new classes of diagrams involving triple excitations will be described} } @article{JohLiuSap96, author={ Johnson, W. R. and Liu, Z. W. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Transition rates for lithium-like ions, sodium-like ions, and neutral alkali-metal atoms}, journal={At.\ Data Nucl.\ Data Tables}, volume={64}, number={2}, pages={279-300}, year={1996}, abstract={Third-order many-body perturbation theory is used to obtain E1 transition amplitudes for ions of the lithium and sodium isoelectronic sequences and for the neutral alkali-metal atoms potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Complete angular reductions of the first-, second-, and third-order amplitudes are given. Tables of transition energies and rates are given for the 2p/sub 1/2/ to 2s/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 3/2/ to 2s/sub 1/2/, 3s/sub 1/2/ to 2p/sub 1/2/, and 3s/sub 1/2/ to 2p/sub 3/2/ transitions in the lithium isoelectronic sequence and for the corresponding 3p/sub 1/2/ to 3s/sub 1/2/, 3p/sub 3/2/ to 3s/sub 1/2/, 4s/sub 1/2/ to 3p/sub 1/2/, and 4s/sub 1/2/ to 3p/sub 3/2/ transitions in the sodium sequence. For neutral alkali atoms, amplitudes of np/sub 1/2/ to ns/sub 1/2/, np/sub 3/2/ to ns/sub 1/2/ (n+1)s/sub 1/2/ to np/sub 1/2/, and (n+1)s/sub 1/2/ to np/sub 3/2/ transitions are evaluated, where n is the principal quantum number of the valence electron in the atomic ground state. Semi-empirical corrections for the omitted fourth- and higher-order terms in perturbation theory are given for the neutral alkali-metal atoms. Comparisons with previous high-precision calculations and with experiment are made} } @article{BluGuoJoh87, author={Blundell, S. A. and Guo, D. S. and Johnson, W. R. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Formulas from first-, second-, and third-order perturbation theory for atoms with one valence electron}, journal={At.\ Data Nucl.\ Data Tables}, volume={37}, number={1}, pages={103-18}, year={1987}, abstract={Formulas from many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) are given for the first- and second-order wave functions of states in atoms having a single valence electron outside a closed core. These formulas are used to derive expressions for transition amplitudes and energy shifts in first-, second-, and third-order MBPT} } @book{ SinBru70, editor = {O. Sinano\u{g}lu and K. A. Brueckner}, title = {Three Approaches to Electron Correlation in Atoms}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, year = {1970}, annote ={collection of reprints with some general discussion} } @book{ Bar97, editor = {R. J. Bartlett}, title = {Recent advances in coupled-cluster methods}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address ={Sigapore}, year = {1997}, annote ={collection of reprints with some general discussion} } @incollection{BarSta94, author = {R. J. Bartlett and J. F. Stanton}, title = {Applications of Post-{H}artree-{F}ock Methods: A Tutorial}, booktitle = {Reviews in Computational Chemistry}, year = {1994}, publisher = {VCH Publishers, Inc}, volume = {V}, address = {New York}, pages = {65--169}, annote = {Review of many-body applications in quantum chemistry} } @incollection{Kut77, author = {W. Kutzelnigg}, title = {Pair Correlation Theories}, booktitle = {Modern Theoretical Chemistry}, year = {1977}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, volume = {3}, address = {New York and London}, pages = {129--188}, editor = { H. F. {Schaefer III}}, annote = {Extensive review; some ideas about variational coupled-cluster pp. 168-172} } @article{KocChrJor97, author={Koch, H. and Christiansen, O. and Jorgensen, P. and Sanchez de Meras, A.M. and Helgaker, T.}, title={The {CC3} model: an iterative coupled cluster approach including connected triples}, journal={J. Chem.\ Phys.}, volume={106}, number={5}, pages={1808-18}, year={1997}, abstract={An alternative derivation of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) has been given, where a coupled cluster parametrization is used for the wave function and the method of undetermined Lagrange multipliers is applied to set up a variational coupled cluster energy expression. In this variational formulation, the nth-order amplitudes determine the energy to order 2n and the nth-order multipliers determine the energy to order 2n. We have developed an iterative approximate coupled cluster singles, doubles, and triples model CC3, where the triples amplitudes are correct through second order and the singles amplitudes are treated without approximations due to the unique role of singles as approximate orbital relaxation parameters. The compact energy expressions obtained from the variational formulation exhibit in a simple way the relationship between CC3, CCSDT-1a [Lee et al., J. Chem. Phys. 81, 5906 (1984)] CCSDT-1b models [Urban et al., J.Chem. Phys. 83, 4041 (1985)], and the CCSD(T) model [Raghavachari et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 157, 479 (1989)]. Sample calculations of total energies, are presented for the molecules H/sub 2/O, C/sub 2/, CO, and C/sub 2/H/sub 4/. Comparisons are made with full CCSDT, CCSDT-1a, CCSDT-1b, CCSD(T), and full configuration interaction (FCI) results. These calculations demonstrate that CC3 and CCSD(T) give total energies of a similar quality. If results obtained by CC3 and CCSD(T) differ significantly, neither method can be trusted. In contrast to CCSD(T), time-dependent response functions can be obtained for CC3} } @article{LiuKel92, author={Liu, Z. W. and Kelly, H. P.}, title={Analysis of atomic electric dipole moment in thallium by all-order calculations in many-body perturbation theory}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={45}, number={7}, pages={R4210-13}, year={1992}, abstract={{A procedure is presented for calculations of double-perturbation problems in the coupled-cluster formalism. With use of this method to include to all orders the correlation effects of single and pair excitations the enhancement factor R=-585 is obtained for the electric dipole moment (EDM) in atomic thallium. Equations for EDM perturbed single-excitation amplitudes are solved by diagonalization to take into account mixing between excited core states and perturbed pair functions are introduced to incorporate correlation effects. Considering contributions from higher-order perturbation terms the authors estimate the accuracy of the obtained enhancement factor is approximately at the 5-10% level}}, } @article{Kel69, author={Kelly, H. P. }, title={Application of many-body diagram techniques in atomic physics}, journal={Adv. Chem. Phys.}, volume={14}, pages={129}, year={1969}, abstract={}, annote={EPV diagrams, geometric summations, $V^{N-1}$ potential.} } @article{Lin91, author={Lindgren, I.}, title={Hermitian formulation of the coupled-cluster approach}, journal={J. Phys.\ B}, volume={24}, number={6}, pages={1143-59}, year={1991}, abstract={A Hermitian formulation of the coupled-cluster approach (CCA) is developed, based on the Jorgensen condition, P Omega /sup Dagger / Omega P=P, Omega being the wave operator and P the projection operator for the model space. This leads to a formalism where the exact as well as the model functions are orthonormal, and the effective Hamiltonian has the manifestly Hermitian form H/sub ef/f=P Omega /sup Dagger /H Omega P. It is shown that the Jorgensen condition is compatible with the connectivity criteria (connected cluster operator and effective Hamiltonian) for a general, incomplete model space. Even with an effective Hamiltonian of this form, however, nonHermiticity may be introduced when the cluster expansion is truncated. This can be remedied by a reformulation of the coupled-cluster equations, where additional terms, which cancel in the complete expansion, preserve Hermiticity at each truncation. The new equations also lead to additional terms in the cluster operator itself, which make it possible, for instance, to include important effects in the pair approach that otherwise would require the evaluation of three- and four-body clusters} } @article{EliKalIsh94, author={Eliav, E. and Kaldor, U. and Ishikawa, Y.}, title={Ionization potentials and excitation energies of the alkali-metal atoms by the relativistic coupled-cluster method}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={50}, number={2}, pages={1121-8}, year={1994}, abstract={Ground- and excited-state energies, as well as ionization potentials and electron affinities, are calculated for all the alkali-metal atoms Li-Fr by the relativistic Fock-space coupled-cluster method. The coupled-cluster singles and doubles approximation, which includes single and double virtual excitations in a self-consistent manner, is implemented. The no-pair Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian is taken as the starting point. Rather extensive basis sets of balanced Gaussian spinors are used to span the atomic orbitals. The average error for the ionization potentials is 0.09% and for excitation energies 0.2%. Electron affinities are less accurate, particularly for the heavier atoms, with errors of 4-9% for K, Rb, and Cs} } @article{BluJohSap91, author={Blundell , S. A. and Johnson, W. R. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Relativistic all-order calculations of energies and matrix elements in cesium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={43}, number={7}, pages={3407-18}, year={1991}, abstract={{All-order methods recently developed for high-accuracy calculation of energies and matrix elements in Li are extended and applied to cesium. The authors employ a relativistic linearized coupled-cluster formalism incorporating single double and an important subset of triple excitations. A coupled-cluster formulation of the matrix element of a one-body operator incorporating the random-phase approximation exactly is used to calculate hyperfine constants and transition-matrix elements. The authors find agreement with experiment at the 0.5% level or better for ionization energies and dipole-matrix elements and at the 1% level for hyperfine constants. Modifications of the method that have the potential of higher accuracy are discussed}}, } @article{JohSapBlu89, author={Johnson, W. R. and Sapirstein, J. and Blundell, S. A.}, title={Many-body theory applied to negative ions}, journal={J.\ Phys.\ B}, volume={22}, number={15}, pages={2341-7}, year={1989}, abstract={{The quasiparticle orbital for the valence electron in a negative ion having one electron outside closed shells is determined from the Dyson equation. The authors replace the proper self-energy in the Dyson equation by an approximation derived from second-order many-body perturbation theory. Solving the resulting equation for the 4d/sup 10/5s state of the negative palladium ion they obtain a value of 0.525 eV for the electron affinity compared with the measured value 0.558+or-0.008 eV} and {for the 4s/sup 2/4p state of the calcium negative ion the authors obtain an affinity 0.056 eV compared with the measured value 0.043+or-0.007 eV} and {for the strontium negative ion the authors predict a 5s/sup 2/5p state having an affinity 0.093 eV} and {and for the barium negative ion they predict a 6s/sup 2/6p state with affinity 0.192 eV}}, } @article{BluJohLiu89, author={Blundell , S. A. and Johnson, W. R. and Liu, Z. W. and Sapirstein, J.}, title={Relativistic all-order calculations of energies and matrix elements for {L}i and {B}e$^+$}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={40}, number={5}, pages={2233-46}, year={1989}, abstract={Valence removal energies, hyperfine constants, and E1 transition amplitudes are calculated for the 2s/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 3/2/, and 3s/sub 1/2/ states of Li and Be/sup +/. This calculation is an extension of earlier second- and third-order many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) calculations, in which now an infinite subset of MBPT terms is evaluated using all-order methods. Agreement with experiment at the 0.01% level for energies, and at the 0.1% level for matrix elements, is found. Issues involved with those higher-order terms omitted by the technique are discussed} } @article{BluJohSap90a, author={Blundell, S. A. and Johnson, W. R. and Sapirstein, J. }, title={Third-order many-body perturbation theory calculations of the ground-state energies of cesium and thallium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={42}, number={7}, pages={3751-62}, year={1990}, abstract={A detailed breakdown of many-body perturbation theory contributions through third order is presented for the ground-state removal energies of cesium and thallium, with the aim of identifying which Goldstone diagrams are numerically dominant. A comparison of these diagrams with Feynman graphs is made. A discussion of the issues involved in carrying out ab initio calculations of properties of these atoms accurate at the few tenths of a percent level is presented} } @article{DzuFlaKra89, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Kraftmakher, A. Ya. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Summation of the high orders of perturbation theory in the correlation correction to the hyperfine structure and to the amplitudes of {E1}-transitions in the caesium atom}, journal={Phys.\ Lett.\ A}, volume={142}, number={6-7}, pages={373-7}, year={1989}, abstract={Three dominating subsequences of diagrams in the correlation correction are summarised: screening of the residual electron-electron interaction, particle-hole interaction, and the iterations of the self-energy} } @article{DzuFlaSus89a, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Summation of the perturbation theory high order contributions to the correlation correction for the energy levels of the caesium atom}, journal={Phys.\ Lett.\ A}, volume={140}, number={9}, pages={493-7}, year={1989}, abstract={Three dominating subsequences of diagrams are summarized: (1) screening of the residual Coulomb interaction; (2) particle-hole interaction in the polarization operator; (3) chaining of the self-energy correction. An accuracy of approximately 0.1% is obtained for the caesium energy levels} } @article{AmuChe75, author={Amusia, M. {Ya.} and Cherepkov, N. A.}, title={Many-electron correlations in scattering processes}, journal={Case Studies in Atomic Physics}, volume={5}, number={2}, pages={47-179}, year={1975}, abstract={Calculations of different physical quantities in single-particle approximation especially the photoionization cross section and the inelastic scattering of fast electrons on atoms, demonstrate the significant role of correlations in atoms. To take correlations into account the random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) is proposed. The physical meaning of this approximation is discussed and expressions for various atomic characteristics in this approximation are derived. It is demonstrated that the role of correlations significantly depends on the choice of single-particle approximation. Calculational results for different processes and atomic characteristics in RPAE for a number of atoms from He to Ba are presented} } @article{SavJoh00, author={Savukov, I. M. and Johnson, W. R.}, title={Form-independent third-order transition amplitudes for atoms with one valence electron}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={}, number={}, pages={}, year={2000}, abstract={}, note = {in press} } @article{AvgBec98, author={Avgoustoglou, E. N. and Beck, D. R.}, title={Relativistic many-body calculations for the oscillator strengths of the resonance lines of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={57}, number={6}, pages={4286-95}, year={1998}, abstract={The f values for the np/sup 6/ to np/sup 5/(n+1)s dipole transitions of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are studied using relativistic many-body perturbation theory. The contributions from the correlation corrections of single and pair excitations are calculated to all orders. It is hoped that the present work may help to distinguish among the considerable variety of experimental and theoretical values presently available.} } %%%%%%%%% dispersion, exchange and related ultracold collision stuff %%%%%%% % see vdW.bib %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Negative-energy states %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %\bibitem{Sucher} J. Sucher, Phys.\ Rev.\ A \textbf{22}, 348 (1980). % %%%%%%%%%% polarizabilities %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %\bibitem{Ekstrom96} C. R. Ekstrom, J. Schmiedmeyer, M. S. Chapman, %T. D. Hammond, and D. E. Pritchard, Phys. Rev. A{\bf 51}, 3883 (1996). %%%%%%%%%%%%%% B. P. Das et al Ba+ @article{SahGopCha03, author = {Bijaya K. Sahoo and Geetha Gopakumar and Rajat K. Chaudhuri and B. P. Das and Holger Merlitz and Uttam Sinha Mahapatra and Debashis Mukherjee}, title = {Magnetic dipole hyperfine interactions in [sup 137]Ba[sup +] and the accuracies of the neutral weak interaction matrix elements}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2003}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, Xeid = {040501}, Xnumpages = {4}, pages = {040501(R)}, keywords = {barium; positive ions; hyperfine interactions; relativistic corrections; weak interactions (atomic physics); coupled cluster calculations}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v68/e040501} } @article{GopMerCha02, author = {Geetha Gopakumar and Holger Merlitz and Rajat K. Chaudhuri and B. P. Das and Uttam Sinha Mahapatra and Debashis Mukherjee}, title = {Electric dipole and quadrupole transition amplitudes for Ba[sup +] using the relativistic coupled-cluster method}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2002}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, Xeid = {032505}, Xnumpages = {6}, pages = {032505}, keywords = {barium; positive ions; relativistic corrections; coupled cluster calculations; electric moments; atomic moments; quadrupole moments; bound states; excited states; weak interactions (atomic physics)}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v66/e032505} } @article{GopMerMaj01, author = {Geetha Gopakumar and Holger Merlitz and Sonjoy Majumder and Rajat K. Chaudhuri and B. P. Das and Uttam Sinha Mahapatra and Debashis Mukherjee}, title = {Ionization potential and excitation energy calculations for Ba[sup +] using the relativistic coupled-cluster method}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2001}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, Xeid = {032502}, Xnumpages = {5}, pages = {032502}, keywords = {barium; positive ions; ionisation potential; relativistic corrections; coupled cluster calculations}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v64/e032502} } @Article{ShaChaBig99b, author={Shaffer, J. P. and Chalupczak, W. and Bigelow, N. P.}, title = {Ultracold collisions in saturating optical fields: {Universal} behavior in the entrance channel}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, year = 1999, volume = 61, pages = 011404 } @Article{vanAbeVer99, author = "F. A. {van Abeelen} and B. J. Verhaar", journal = "Phys. Rev. A", year = 1999, volume = 59, pages = 578 } @Article{MarSadDal94, author = "Mircea Marinescu and H. R. Sadeghpour and A. Dalgarno", journal = "Phys. Rev. A", year = 1994, volume = "49", pages = "982" } @Article{BoeTsaGar97, author = {H. M. J. M. Boesten and C. C. Tsai and J. R. Gardner and D. J. Heinzen and B. J. Verhaar}, title = {a}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, year = 1997, volume = 55, pages = 636 } @Article{TimCot98, author = {Timmermans, E. and C{\^o}t{\'e}, R.}, title = {a}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, year = 1998, volume = 80, pages = 3419 } @Article{RobClaBur98, author = {Roberts, J. L. and Claussen, N. R. and Burke Jr., J. P., Greene, C. H. and Cornell, E. A. and Wieman, C. E.}, title = {a}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, year = 1998, volume = 81, pages = 5109 } @Book{Goo73, author = "Jerry Goodisman", title = "Diatomic Interaction Potential Theory", publisher = "Academic Press", year = 1973, volume = 2, address = "New York" } @InCollection{Dal67, author = "A. Dalgarno", title = "New methods for calculating long-range intermolecular forces", booktitle = "Intermolecular Forces", publisher = "Wiley", year = 1967, editor = "Joseph O. Hirschfelder", volume = 12, series = "Advances in Chemical Physics", pages = 143, address = "New York" } @incollection{DalDav66, author = {A. Dalgarno and W. D. Davison }, title = {The calculation of van der {W}aals Interactions}, booktitle = {Adv.\ At.\ Mol.\ Phys.}, volume = {2}, year = 1966, pages = {1-32}, editor = "D. Bates and I. Estermann", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "New York", } @Unpublished{LeoWilJul00, author = {Leo, P. J. and Williams, C. J. and Julienne, P. S.}, title = {a}, note = {submitted.}, OPTkey = {}, OPTmonth = {}, OPTyear = {}, OPTannote = {} } @Article{WilTieJul99, author = {Williams, C. J. and Tiesinga, E. and Julienne, P. S. and Wang, H. and Stwalley, W. C. and Gould P. L.}, title = {a}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, year = 1999, volume = 60, pages = {4427-4438} } @Article{Boh00, author = {Bohn, J. L.}, title = {a}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A.}, year = 2000, volume = 61, pages = 053409 } @Article{CotJamYan00, author = {C{\^o}t{\'e}, R. and Jamieson, M. J. and Yan, Z-C. and Geum, N. and Jeung, G.-H. and Dalgarno, A.}, title = {Enhanced cooling of hydrogen atoms by lithium atoms}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, year = 2000, volume = 84, pages = {2806-2809} } @article{SafJohDer99, author={Safronova, M. S. and Johnson, W. R. and Derevianko, A.}, title={Relativistic many-body calculations of energy levels, hyperfine constants, electric-dipole matrix elements, and static polarizabilities for alkali-metal atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={60}, number={6}, pages={4476-87}, year={1999}, abstract={Removal energies and hyperfine constants of the lowest four ns, np/sub 1/2/, and np/sub 3/2/ states in Na, K, Rb, and Cs are calculated; removal energies of the n=7-10 states and hyperfine constants of the n=7 and 8 states in Fr are also calculated. The calculations are based on the relativistic single-double (SD) approximation in which single and double excitations of Dirac-Hartree-Fock wave functions are included to all orders in perturbation theory. Using SD wave functions, accurate values of removal energies, electric-dipole matrix elements, and static polarizabilities are obtained; however, SD wave functions give poor values of the magnetic-dipole hyperfine constants for heavy atoms. To obtain accurate values of the hyperfine constants for heavy atoms, we include triple excitations partially in the wave functions. The present calculations provide the basis for reevaluating parity nonconserving amplitudes in Cs and Fr} } @unpublished{SafJoh00, author = {M. S. Safronova and W. R. Johnson}, title = {Error Analysis for the $C_6$ Coefficient in Rb}, year = {2000}, note = { available at http://www.nd.edu/\~{}johnson/Publications/C6\_Rb.pdf} } @article{DerJohSaf99, author={Derevianko, A. and Johnson, W. R. and Safronova, M. S. and Babb, J. F.}, title={High-precision calculations of dispersion coefficients, static dipole polarizabilities, and atom-wall interaction constants for alkali-metal atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={82}, number={18}, pages={3589-92}, year={1999}, abstract={The van der Waals coefficients for the alkali-metal atoms from Na to Fr interacting in their ground states are calculated using relativistic ab initio methods. The accuracy of the calculations is estimated by also evaluating atomic static electric-dipole polarizabilities and coefficients for the interaction of the atoms with a perfectly conducting wall. The results are in excellent agreement with the latest data from studies of magnetic field induced Feshbach resonances in ultracold collisions of Na and of Rb atoms. For Cs we provide critically needed data for ultracold collision studies} } @article{McAAbrHul96, author={McAlexander, W. I. and Abraham, E. R. I. and Hulet, R. G.}, title={Radiative lifetime of the 2P state of lithium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={54}, number={1}, pages={R5-8}, year={1996}, abstract={We determine the radial dipole moment between the 2S and 2P states of atomic lithium by analyzing the long-range vibrational eigenenergies of the singly excited diatomic molecule. The result can be expressed in terms of the 2P/sub 1/2/ radiative lifetime of /sup 7/Li, which is found to be 27.102(2)(7) ns. This result agrees with most current atomic-structure calculations and resolves the long-standing disagreement with previous experiment. The current level of precision is sensitive to relativistic effects in the atomic-structure calculation and to non-Born-Oppenheimer and radiation retardation effects in the molecule} } @article{MarAubBac97, author={Martin, F. and Aubert-Frecon, M. and Bacis, R. and Crozet, P. and Linton, C. and Magnier, S. and Ross, L. A. J. and Russier, I.}, title={General analytical form for the long-range potential of the (ns+np/sub J/) O/sub u//sup +/ states of alkali dimers applied to /sup 6/Li/sub 2/}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={55}, number={5}, pages={3458-64}, year={1997}, abstract={The pooling of high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence measurements with photoassociation binding energies in /sup 6/Li/sub 2/ has provided a strict test of models proposed for extrapolation of long-range molecular potential functions. An analytical expression is given for the long-range part of the O/sub u//sup +/ molecular states originating from M(ns /sup 2/S)+M(np /sup 2/P) alkali-metal atoms, replacing earlier expressions which assumed negligible spinel-bit coupling. The success of this model is illustrated by the excellent agreement between the experimentally determined dissociation energy D/sub e/=9352.032(8) cm/sup -1/, and the value 9352.032(12)cm/sup -1/ obtained by extrapolation of E(R) values of a Rydberg-Klein-Rees potential for the A /sup 1/ Sigma /sub u//sup +/ state of /sup 6/Li/sub 2/. The lifetime of the 2P/sub 1/2 / atomic level is 27.13(2) ns} } @article{YanBabDal96, author={Zong-Chao Yan and Babb, J. F. and Dalgarno, A. and Drake, G. W. F.}, title={Variational calculations of dispersion coefficients for interactions among H, He, and Li atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={54}, number={4}, pages={2824-33}, year={1996}, abstract={The dispersion coefficients C/sub 6/, C/sub 8/, and C/sub 10/ for the interactions among H, He, and Li are calculated using variational wave functions in Hylleraas basis sets with multiple exponential scale factors. With these highly correlated wave functions, significant improvements are made upon previous calculations and our results provide definitive values for these coefficients} } @article{JohChe96, author={Johnson, W. R. and Cheng, K. T.}, title={Relativistic configuration-interaction calculation of the polarizabilities of heliumlike ions}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={53}, number={3}, pages={1375-8}, year={1996}, abstract={Polarizabilities of ions of the helium isoelectronic sequence with nuclear charges in the range 2 0. For such orbitals, the relaxation mechanism determines the sign and even the order of magnitude of the total vacuum polarization correction. This relaxation mechanism is illustrated with numerical results for the Cs atom.}, note={ArXiv:physics/0401043} } @article{PorDerFor04, author ={S G Porsev and A Derevianko and E N Fortson}, title ={Possibility of an optical clock using the $6\,^1\!{S}_0 \rightarrow 6\,^3\!{P}^o_0$ transition in $^{171, 173}${Yb} atoms held in an optical lattice}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={69}, pages ={021403(R)}, year ={2004}, abstract={We report calculations designed to assess the ultimate precision of an atomic clock based on the 578 nm $6\,^1\!S_0 \rightarrow 6\,^3\!P_0$ transition in Yb atoms confined in an optical lattice trap. We find that this transition has a natural linewidth less than 10 mHz in the odd Yb isotopes, caused by hyperfine coupling. The shift in this transition due to the trapping light acting through the lowest order AC polarizability is found to become zero at the \textit{magic} trap wavelength of about 752 nm. The effects of Rayleigh scattering, higher-order polarizabilities, vector polarizability, and hyperfine induced electronic magnetic moments can all be held below a mHz (about a part in $10^{18}$), except in the case of the hyperpolarizability larger shifts due to nearly resonant terms cannot be ruled out without an accurate measurement of the magic wavelength.} } @article{CanDer04, author = {Caleb C. Cannon and Andrei Derevianko}, title = {Complete fourth-order relativistic many-body calculations for atoms}, abstract ={We report, to our knowledge, the first relativistic calculation for many-electron atoms complete through the fourth order of many-body perturbation theory. Owing to an overwhelmingly large number of underlying diagrams, the calculations are aided by our suite of symbolic algebra tools. We augment all-order single-double excitation method with 1648 omitted fourth-order diagrams and compute amplitudes of principal transitions in Na. The resulting ab initio relativistic electric dipole amplitudes are in an excellent agreement with 0.05%-accurate experimental values. Analysis of previously unmanageable classes of diagrams provides a useful guide to a design of even more accurate, yet practical, many-body methods.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {69}, pages = {030502(R)}, year = {2004}, annote = {e-print:http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0306099} } @article{ZhuDalPor04, author = {Cheng Zhu and Alex Dalgarno and Sergey G. Porsev and Andrei Derevianko}, title = {Dipole polarizabilities of excited alkali-metal atoms and long-range interactions of ground- and excited-state alkali-metal atoms with helium atoms}, publisher = {APS}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, eid = {032722}, numpages = {5}, pages = {032722}, keywords = {polarisability; ground states; van der Waals forces; excited states; helium neutral atoms; potassium; rubidium; sodium; perturbation theory}, url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v70/e032722} } ============================== 2003 ===================================== @UNPUBLISHED{Der03QC, AUTHOR = "Andrei Derevianko", TITLE = "Manifestations of anisotropy in physics of cold metastable alkaline-earth atoms", note = "Talk at the Second Workshop on Cold Alkaline-Earth Atoms, September 11-13, 2003, Copenhagen, Denmark.", annote = "proposal on quantum computation" } @article{GerDerTan03, author = { Gerginov, V. and Derevianko, Andrei and Tanner, Carol E.}, title = {Observation of the nuclear magnetic octupole moment of $^{133}\!\mathrm{Cs}$ }, abstract ={}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume = {91}, pages = {072501}, year = {2003}, annote = {e-print:http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/?????} } @article{PorDer03, author = {Sergey G. Porsev and Andrei Derevianko }, title = {Accurate relativistic many-body calculations of van der {Waals} coefficients {$C_8$} and {$C_{10}$} for alkali-metal dimers}, journal = {J.\ Chem.\ Phys.}, volume = {119}, pages = {844}, year = {2003}, abstract ={We consider long-range interactions between two alkali-metal atoms in their respective ground states. We extend the previous relativistic many-body calculations of C6 dispersion coefficients [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3589 (1999)] to higher-multipole coefficients C8 and C10. Special attention is paid to usually omitted contribution of core-excited states. We calculate this contribution within relativistic random-phase approximation and demonstrate that for heavy atoms core excitations contribute as much as 10% to the dispersion coefficients. We tabulate results for both homonuclear and heteronuclear dimers and estimate theoretical uncertainties. The estimated uncertainties for C8 coefficients range from 0.5% for Li2 to 4% for Cs2}, annote = {e-print:physics/0303048} } @article{DerPorKot03, author = {Andrei Derevianko and Sergey G. Porsev and Svetlana Kotochigova and Eite Tiesinga and Paul S. Julienne}, title = {Ultracold collision properties of metastable alkaline-earth atoms}, abstract ={Ultra-cold collisions of spin-polarized 24Mg,40Ca, and 88Sr in the metastable 3P2 excited state are investigated. We calculate the long-range interaction potentials and estimate the scattering length and the collisional loss rate as a function of magnetic field. The estimates are based on molecular potentials between 3P2 alkaline-earth atoms obtained from ab initio atomic and molecular structure calculations. The scattering lengths show resonance behavior due to the appearance of a molecular bound state in a purely long-range interaction potential and are positive for magnetic fields below 50 mT. A loss-rate model shows that losses should be smallest near zero magnetic field and for fields slightly larger than the resonance field, where the scattering length is also positive. }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume = {90}, pages = {063002}, year = {2003}, annote = {e-print:physics/0210076} } @article{Der03, author = {Andrei Derevianko }, title = {Anisotropic pseudo-potential for polarized dilute quantum gases}, abstract ={ }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {67}, pages = {033607}, year = {2003}, annote = {e-print:cond-mat/0212597} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2002 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @unpublished{DerAng02, author = {Andrei Derevianko}, title = {Fourth-order perturbative extension of the single-double excitation coupled-cluster method, {Part II: Angular} reduction}, abstract ={ We tabulate angularly reduced fourth-order many-body corrections to matrix elements for univalent atoms, derived in [A. Derevianko and E.D. Emmons, Phys. Rev. A 65, 052115 (2002)]. In particular we focused on practically important diagrams complementary to those included in the coupled cluster method truncated at single and double excitations. The derivation and angular reduction of the large number of diagrams have been carried out with the help of symbolic algebra software. }, note = {e-print:physics/0212008} } @article{DerEmm02, author = {A. Derevianko and E. D. Emmons}, title = {Fourth-order perturbative extension of the single-double excitation coupled-cluster method}, abstract ={Fourth-order many-body corrections to matrix elements for atoms with one valence electron are derived. The obtained diagrams are classified using coupled-cluster-inspired separation into contributions from n-particle excitations from the lowest-order wave function. The complete set of fourth-order diagrams involves only connected single, double, and triple excitations and disconnected quadruple excitations. Approximately half of the fourth-order diagrams are not accounted for by the popular coupled-cluster method truncated at single and double excitations (CCSD). Explicit formulas are tabulated for the entire set of fourth-order diagrams missed by the CCSD method and its linearized version, i.e., contributions from connected triple and disconnected quadruple excitations. A partial summation scheme of the derived fourth-order contributions to all orders of perturbation theory is proposed. }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {66}, pages = {012503}, year = {2002}, annote = {e-print:physics/0112035} } @article{DerPor02Cs, author = {A Derevianko and S G Porsev}, title = {Determination of lifetimes of {$6P_J$} levels and ground-state polarizability of {Cs} from the van der {Waals} coefficient {$C_6$}}, journal= {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {65}, pages = {053403}, year = {2002}, abstract={}, } @article{DerPor02, author = {A. Derevianko and S. G. Porsev}, title = {Reevaluation of the role of nuclear uncertainties in experiments on atomic parity violation with isotopic chains}, abstract ={In light of new data on neutron distributions from experiments with antiprotonic atoms [ Trzcinska {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 082501 (2001)], we reexamine the role of nuclear-structure uncertainties in the interpretation of measurements of parity violation in atoms using chains of isotopes of the same element. With these new nuclear data, we find an improvement in the sensitivity of isotopic chain measurements to ``new physics'' beyond the standard model. We compare possible constraints on ``new physics'' with the most accurate to date single-isotope probe of parity violation in the Cs atom. We conclude that presently isotopic chain experiments employing atoms with nuclear charges Z < 50 may result in more accurate tests of the weak interaction. }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {65}, pages = {052115}, year = {2002}, annote = {e-print:physics/0112035} } @article{PorDer02, author = {Sergey G. Porsev and Andrei Derevianko }, title = {High-accuracy relativistic many-body calculations of van der {Waals} coefficients {$C_6$} for alkaline-earth atoms}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {65}, pages = {020701(R)/1--4}, year = {2002}, abstract ={ Relativistic many-body calculations of van der Waals coefficients C6 for dimers correlating to two ground-state alkaline-earth-metal atoms at large internuclear separations are reported. The following values and uncertainties were determined: C6 = 214(3) for Be, 627(12) for Mg, 2221(15) for Ca, 3170(196) for Sr, and 5160(74) for Ba in atomic units. }, annote = {e-print:physics/0108047} } @article{ZhuDalDer02, author = {C. Zhu and A. Dalgarno and A. Derevianko}, title = {van der {W}aals interactions between molecular hydrogen and alkali-metal atoms}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {65}, pages = {034708}, year = {2002}, abstract ={ }, annote = {e-print:physics/0108047} } @article{Der02, author = {A. Derevianko}, title = {Correlated many-body treatment of the {B}reit interaction with application to cesium atomic properties and parity violation}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {65}, pages = {012106/1--13}, year = {2002}, abstract ={ Corrections from the Breit interaction to basic properties of atomic 133Cs are determined in the framework of third-order relativistic many-body perturbation theory. The corrections to energies, hyperfine-structure constants, off-diagonal hyperfine 6S-7S amplitude, and electric-dipole matrix elements are tabulated. It is demonstrated that the Breit corrections to correlations are comparable to the Breit corrections at the Hartree-Fock level. Modification of the parity-nonconserving (PNC) 6S-7S amplitude due to Breit interaction is also evaluated; the resulting weak charge of 133Cs shows no significant deviation from the prediction of the standard model of elementary particles. The neutron skin correction to the PNC amplitude is also estimated to be –0.2% with an error bound of 30% based on the analysis of recent experiments with antiprotonic atoms. The present work supplements publication [A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1618 (2000)] with a discussion of the formalism and provides additional numerical results and updated discussion of parity violation }, annote = {e-print:physics/0108033} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2001 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{Der01, author = {A. Derevianko}, title = {Feasibility of cooling and trapping metastable alkaline-earth atoms}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume = {87}, pages = {023002}, year = {2001}, abstract ={ Metastability and long-range interactions of Mg, Ca, and Sr in the lowest-energy metastable 3P2 state are investigated. The calculated lifetimes are 38 min for Mg*, 118 min for Ca*, and 17 min for Sr*, supporting feasibility of cooling and trapping experiments. The quadrupole-quadrupole long-range interactions of two metastable atoms are evaluated for various molecular symmetries. Hund's case (c) 4g potential possesses a large 100-1000 K potential barrier. Therefore magnetic trap losses can possibly be reduced using cold metastable atoms in a stretched M = 2 state. Calculations were performed in the framework of ab initio relativistic configuration interaction method coupled with the random-phase approximation. }, annote = {e-print:physics/0105030} } @article{GeuJeuDer01, author={Geum, N. and Jeung, G.-H. and Derevianko, A. and C\^{o}t\'{e} , R. and Dalgarno, A.}, title={Interaction potentials of {LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, and CsH}}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={115}, pages={5984--8}, year={2001}, abstract={Quantum-mechanical calculations of the potential energy curves of the singlet and triplet states of LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, and CsH formed by the approach of ground state alkali-metal atoms and hydrogen atoms are presented. Precise values are determined for the coefficients of the van der Waals interaction and estimates are made of the contribution of the exchange interaction at large distances. Together with empirical data, they are used to assess and improve the accuracy of the ab initio potentials } } @article{DerCotDal01, author = {A. Derevianko and R. C\^{o}t\'{e} and A. Dalgarno and G.-H. Jeung }, title = {Enhanced cooling of hydrogen by a buffer gas of alkali-metal atoms }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {64}, pages = {011404(R)}, year = {2001}, abstract = { We consider the possibility of enhanced cooling of hydrogen atoms by a buffer gas of alkali-metal atoms Na, K, Rb, and Cs. Ultracold elastic collision cross sections for the Na-H and Rb-H purely spin-polarized pairs are found to be 640 and 860 times larger than that for the H-H pair, respectively. From an analysis of the techniques of production of ultracold sodium and rubidium samples, it seems feasible that the critical conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation of hydrogen could be achieved already at the stage of optical cooling of the sodium or rubidium buffer gas. }, annote = {e-print: none} } @article{PorKozRak01, author = {S. G. Porsev and M. G. Kozlov and Yu. G. Rakhlina and A. Derevianko}, title = {Many-body calculations of electric-dipole amplitudes for transitions between low-lying levels of {Mg}, {Ca}, and {Sr}}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {64}, pages = {012508}, year = {2001}, abstract = { To support efforts on cooling and trapping of alkaline-earth-metal atoms and designs of atomic clocks, we performed ab initio relativistic many-body calculations of electric-dipole transition amplitudes between low-lying states of Mg, Ca, and Sr. In particular, we report amplitudes for 1P1S0,3S1,1D2, for 3P1S0,1D2, and for 3P1D2 transitions. For Ca, the reduced matrix element 4s4p1P||D||4s21S0 is in good agreement with a high-precision experimental value deduced from photoassociation spectroscopy [Zinner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2292 (2000)]. An estimated uncertainty of the calculated lifetime of the 3s3p1P state of Mg is a factor of 3 smaller than that of the most accurate experiment. Calculated binding energies reproduce experimental values within 0.1-0.2\% }, annote = {} } @article{DerBabDal01, author = {A. Derevianko and J. F. Babb and A. Dalgarno}, title = {High-precision calculations of van der {W}aals coefficients for heteronuclear alkali-metal dimers}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {63}, pages = {052704}, year = {2001}, abstract = {van der Waals coefficients for the heteronuclear alkali-metal dimers of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr are calculated using relativistic ab initio methods augmented by high-precision experimental data. We argue that the uncertainties in the coefficients are unlikely to exceed about 1%. }, annote = {} } @INPROCEEDINGS{DerJoh01, AUTHOR = "A. Derevianko and W. R. Johnson", TITLE = "Non-dipole effects in photoionization of rare-gas atoms ", BOOKTITLE = "Proceedings of XXII International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions", YEAR = "2001", editor = "J. Burgdorfer and J. S. Cohen and S. Datz and C. R. Vane", pages = "226--237", address = "Princeton, NJ", publisher = "Rinton Press" } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2000 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{DerDal00, author = {A. Derevianko and A. Dalgarno}, title = {Long-range Interaction of Two Metastable Rare-gas Atoms}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {62}, pages = {062501--5}, year = {2000}, annote = {e-print: phys/0005082} } @article{Der00, author = {A. Derevianko}, title = {Reconciliation of the Measurement of Parity-Nonconservation in {Cs} with the Standard Model}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume = {85}, pages = {1618}, year = {2000}, annote = {hep-ph/0005274; PNC in Cs; Breit; 2.5 sigma->1.0 sigma} } @unpublished{Der00a, author = {A. Derevianko}, title = {Role of {Breit} interaction and negative-energy states in calculation of parity-nonconserving amplitudes}, year = {2000}, note = {e-print: physics/0001046}, annote = {} } @article{DerHemObl00, author={Derevianko, A. and Hemmers, O. and Oblad, S. and Glans, P. and Wang, H. and Whitfield, S. B. and Wehlitz, R. and Sellin, I. A. and Johnson, W. R. and Lindle, D. W.}, title={Electric-octupole and pure-electric-quadrupole effects in soft-X-ray photoemission}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={84}, number={10}, pages={2116-19}, year={2000}, abstract={Second-order [O(k/sup 2/), k= omega /c] nondipole effects in soft-X-ray photoemission are demonstrated via an experimental and a theoretical study of angular distributions of neon valence photoelectrons in the 100-1200 eV photon-energy range. A newly derived theoretical expression for nondipolar angular distributions characterizes the second-order effects using four new parameters with primary contributions from pure-quadrupole and octupole-dipole interference terms. Independent-particle calculations of these parameters account for a significant portion of the existing discrepancy between experiment and theory for Ne 2p first-order nondipole parameters} } @article{BayHavSie00, author={Bayram, S. B. and Havey, M. and Sieradzan, A. and Derevianko, A. and Johnson, W. R.}, title={$5p^2{P}_j$ to $5d^2{D}_{3/2}$ transition matrix elements in atomic $^{87}${Rb}}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={61}, number={5}, pages={050502/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={A combined precision experimental and theoretical study of 5p /sup 2/P/sub j/ to 5d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ electric-dipole transition matrix elements in atomic /sup 87/Rb has shown that they are dominated by electron correlation. The relative size and sign of the measured matrix element ratio is found to be 1.068(8), in very good agreement with the value of 1.135 obtained from relativistic third-order many-body perturbation theory} } @article{DerJohSad00, author={Derevianko, A. and Johnson, W. R. and Sadeghpour, H. R.}, title={Many-body and model-potential calculations of low-energy photoionization parameters for francium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={61}, number={2}, pages={022506/1-7}, year={2000}, abstract={The photoionization cross section sigma , spin-polarization parameters P and Q, and the angular-distribution asymmetry parameter beta are calculated for the 7s state of francium for photon energies below 10 eV. Two distinct calculations are presented, one based on many-body perturbation theory and another based on the model potential method. Although predictions of the two calculations are similar, the detailed energy dependences of the photoionization parameters from the two calculations differ. From the theoretical p-wave phase shifts, we infer quantum defects for p/sub 1/2/ and p/sub 3/2/ Rydberg series, permitting us to calculate positions of experimentally unknown p states in francium} } @article{TouOksAle00, author={Touma, J. E. and Oks, E. and Alexiou, S. and Derevianko, A.}, title={Review of the advanced generalized theory for {S}tark broadening of hydrogen lines in plasmas with tables}, journal={J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Tran.}, volume={65}, number={1-3}, pages={543-71}, year={2000}, abstract={The generalized theory (GT) of Stark broadening of hydrogen lines in plasmas, published by Ispolatov and Oks (1994) is based on nonperturbative treatment of one component of the electron field. Therefore the GT is intrinsically more accurate than the fully-perturbative, standard theories (ST), such as the theory by Kepple-Griem (1968) (KG) and the theory by Sholin-Demura-Lisitsa (1973) (SDL). The present paper introduces an advanced generalized theory (AGT), that yields closed-form expressions for the width, shift and coupling of Stark states. We also present tables of the AGT Stark widths of Lyman and Balmer lines for transitions with upper levels having principal quantum numbers nor=10/sup 2/ eV) Stark broadening of hydrogen spectral lines (SL) is controlled by ion impact broadening (IIB). Then a resulting homogeneous Stark width is a linear function of Z/sub eff/ (summation includes both the major plasma component (H/sup +/ or D/sup +/) and impurity ions). A homogeneous width may be determined experimentally using a saturation of an optical transition in hydrogen by laser light with a small spectral width. Indeed, in this case the observed fluorescence SL shape has the Voigt profile. This significant enhancement of the width of dispersive component makes it comparable to the Doppler width and allows one to extract it from the observed Voigt profile and thus to measure Z/sub eff/. Whether or not this method will be of a broad practical use is contingent upon developing a detailed, consistent theory of IIB as opposed to rough estimates of IIB. This development constitutes a subject of the present paper} } @article{DerOks94, author={Derevianko, A. and Oks, E.}, title={Generalized theory of ion impact broadening in magnetized plasmas and its applications for Tokamaks}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={73}, number={15}, pages={2059-62}, year={1994}, abstract={A generalized semiclassical theory of ion impact broadening in high-temperature, magnetized plasmas is developed that is free from a shortcoming of the standard semiclassical theories of Stark broadening, which were intrinsically divergent at small impact parameters. The convergence of the present theory is achieved by taking into account, on equal footing, both the "dynamic" splitting of Stark sublevels, caused by one of the components of the ion microfield, and the Zeeman splitting. The results are applied to a novel spectroscopic method for local measurements of an effective charge in Tokamaks} } % noble gases @ARTICLE{DoeVreOdB98, author = {Doery, M. R. and Vredenbregt, E. J. D. and {Op de Beek}, S. S. and Beijerinck, H. C. W. and Verhaar, B. J.}, year = 1998, title = {Limit on suppression of ionization in metastable neon traps due to long-range anisotropy}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = 58, number = 5, pages = {3673-82}, abstract = {This paper investigates the possibility of suppressing the ionization rate in a magnetostatic trap of metastable neon atoms by spin-polarizing the atoms. Suppression of the ionization is critical for the possibility of reaching Bose-Einstein condensation with such atoms. We estimate the relevant long-range interactions for the system, consisting of electric quadrupole-quadrupole and dipole-induced dipole terms, and develop short-range potentials based on the Na/sub 2/ singlet and triplet potentials. The autoionization widths of the system are also calculated. With these ingredients we calculate the ionization rate for spin-polarized and for spin-isotropic samples, caused by anisotropy of the long-range interactions. We find that spin polarization may allow for four orders of magnitude suppression of the ionization rate for Ne. The results depend sensitively on a precise knowledge of the interaction potentials, however, pointing out the need for experimental input. The same model gives a suppression ratio close to unity for metastable xenon in accordance with experimental results, due to a much increased anisotropy in this case} } %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> BECs with anisotropic forces >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @article{PuZhaMey01, author={ Han Pu and Weiping Zhang and Pierre Meystre }, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={87}, pages={140405}, year={2001}, title={Ferromagnetism in a Lattice of Bose-Einstein Condensates}, abstract={ We show that an ensemble of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice can undergo a ferromagnetic phase transition and spontaneous magnetization arises due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. This phenomenon is analogous to ferromagnetism in solid state physics, but occurs with bosons instead of fermions. } } @article{DoyFriKre04, author={ J. Doyle and B. Friedrich and R. V. Krems and F. Masnou-Seeuws}, journal={Eur. Phys. Jour. D}, volume={31}, pages={149}, year={2004}, title={Quo vadis, cold molecules?}, annote={review article produced from ITAMP workshop} } @article{GriWerHen05, author={Axel Griesmaier and J\"org Werner and Sven Hensler and J\"urgen Stuhler and Tilman Pfau}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {94}, Xnumber = {16}, Xeid = {160401}, numpages = {4}, pages = {160401}, year={2005}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein condensation of chromium}, note={e-print:cond-mat/0503044}, annote={This recently submitted paper describes attaiment of Bose-Einstein condensate of highly-magnetic chromium atoms. Some details can be found at http://www.physik.uni-stuttgart.de/institute/pi/5/news/041126/ChromBEC.html}, abstract= {We report on the generation of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a gas of chromium atoms, which will make studies of the effects of anisotropic long-range interactions in degenerate quantum gases possible. The preparation of the chromium condensate requires novel cooling strategies that are adapted to its special electronic and magnetic properties. The final step to reach quantum degeneracy is forced evaporative cooling of 52Cr atoms within a crossed optical dipole trap. At a critical temperature of T~700nK, we observe Bose-Einstein condensation by the appearance of a two-component velocity distribution. Released from an anisotropic trap, the condensate expands with an inversion of the aspect ratio. We observe critical behavior of the condensate fraction as a function of temperature and more than 50,000 condensed 52Cr atoms. } } @article{WerGriHen05Feshbach, author={ Werner, J and Griesmaier, A and Hensler, S and Stuhler, J and Pfau, T and Simoni, A and Tiesinga, E }, title={Observation of {F}eshbach resonances in an ultracold gas of ${}^{52}${C}r}, journal={submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={}, number={}, pages={}, year={2005}, abstract={We have observed Feshbach resonances in elastic collisions between ultracold ${}^{52}$Cr atoms. This is the first observation of collisional Feshbach resonances in an atomic species with more than one valence electron. The zero nuclear spin of ${}^{52}$Cr and thus the absence of a Fermi-contact interaction leads to regularly-spaced resonance sequences. By comparing resonance positions with multi-channel scattering calculations we determine the s-wave scattering length of the lowest $^{2S+1}\Sigma_{g}^{+}$ potentials to be $\unit[112(14)]{a_0}$, $\unit[58(6)]{a_0}$ and $-\unit[7(20)]{a_0}$ for S=6, 4, and 2, respectively, where $a_{0}=\unit[0.0529]{nm}$. }, note={e-print:cond-mat/0412049} } @article{YiYou04, author = {S. Yi and L. You}, collaboration = {}, title = {Calibrating Dipolar Interaction in an Atomic Condensate}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2004}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {92}, number = {19}, Xeid = {193201}, numpages = {4}, pages = {193201}, keywords = {Bose-Einstein condensation; variational techniques; pseudopotential methods; resonant states; Legendre polynomials}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v92/e193201}, abstract={We reexamine the topic of a dipolar condensate with the recently derived more rigorous pseudopotential for dipole-dipole interaction [A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. A 67, 033607 (2003)]. Based on the highly successful variational technique, we find that all dipolar effects estimated before (using the bare dipole-dipole interaction) become significantly larger, i.e., are amplified by the new velocity-dependent pseudopotential, especially in the limit of large or small trap aspect ratios. This result points to a promising prospect for detecting dipolar effects inside an atomic condensate.} } @article{MarYou98, author={Marinescu, M. and You, L.}, title={Controlling atom-atom interaction at ultralow temperatures by dc electric fields}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={81}, number={21}, pages={4596-9}, year={1998}, abstract={We propose a physical mechanism for tuning the atom-atom interaction strength at ultralow temperatures. In the presence of a dc electric field the interatomic potential is changed due to the effective dipole-dipole interaction between the polarized atoms. Detailed multichannel scattering calculations reveal features never before discussed for ultracold atomic collisions. We demonstrate that optimal control of the effective atom-atom interactions can be achieved under reasonable laboratory conditions. Implications of this research on the physics of atomic Bose-Einstein condensation and on the pursuit for atomic degenerate fermion gases will be discussed} } @article{YiYou00, author={Yi, S. and You, L.}, title={Trapped condensates of atoms with dipole interactions}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={63}, number={5}, pages={053607/1-14}, year={2000}, abstract={We discuss in detail properties of trapped atomic condensates with anisotropic dipole interactions. A practical procedure for constructing anisotropic low-energy pseudopotentials is proposed and justified by the agreement with results of numerical multichannel calculations. The time dependent variational method is adapted to reveal several interesting features observed in numerical solutions of condensate wave function. Collective low-energy shape oscillations and their stability inside electric fields are investigated. Our results shed new light into macroscopic coherence properties of interacting quantum degenerate atomic gases} } @article{GioGorPfa02, author={Stefano Giovanazzi and Axel G\"{o}rlitz and Tilman Pfau}, title={Tuning the Dipolar Interaction in Quantum Gases}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={89}, number={}, pages={130401}, year={2002}, abstract={We have studied the tunability of the interaction between permanent dipoles in Bose-Einstein condensates. Based on time-dependent control of the anisotropy of the dipolar interaction, we show that even the very weak magnetic dipole coupling in alkali gases can be used to excite collective modes. Furthermore, we discuss how the effective dipolar coupling in a Bose-Einstein condensate can be tuned from positive to negative values and even switched off completely by fast rotation of the orientation of the dipoles.} } @article{SanShlZol00, author={Santos, L. and Shlyapnikov, G. V. and Zoller, P. and Lewenstein, M.}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein condensation in trapped dipolar gases}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={85}, number={9}, pages={1791-4}, year={2000}, abstract={We discuss Bose-Einstein condensation in a trapped gas of bosonic particles interacting dominantly via dipole-dipole forces. We find that in this case the mean-field interparticle interaction and, hence, the stability diagram are governed by the trapping geometry. Possible physical realizations include ultracold heteronuclear molecules, or atoms with laser induced electric dipole moments} } @article{GorRzaPfa00, author={G\'{o}ral, K. and Rz\c{a}\.{z}ewski, K. and Pfau, T.}, title={{B}ose-{E}instein condensation with magnetic dipole-dipole forces}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={61}, number={5}, pages={051601/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={Ground-state solutions in a dilute gas interacting via contact and magnetic dipole-dipole forces are investigated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first example of studies of Bose-Einstein condensation in a system with realistic long-range interactions. We find that for the magnetic moment of, e.g., chromium (6 mu /sub B/), and a typical value of the scattering length, all solutions are stable and only differ in size from condensates without long-range interactions. By lowering the value of the scattering length we find a region of unstable solutions. In the neighborhood of this region, the ground-state wave functions show internal structures that we believe have not been seen before in condensates. Finally, we find an analytic estimate for the characteristic length appearing in these solutions} } @ARTICLE{GorSan02, AUTHOR = "K. G\'{o}ral and L. Santos", TITLE = "Ground state and elementary excitations of single and binary {B}ose-{E}instein condensates of trapped dipolar gases", JOURNAL = "Phys. Rev. A", YEAR = "2002", volume = "66", pages = "023613", abstract = " We analyze the ground-state properties and the excitation spectrum of Bose-Einstein condensates of trapped dipolar particles. First, we consider the case of a single-component polarized dipolar gas. For this case we discuss the influence of the trapping geometry on the stability of the condensate as well as the effects of the dipole-dipole interaction on the excitation spectrum. We discuss also the ground state and excitations of a gas composed of two antiparallel dipolar components. " } @ARTICLE{GorSanLew02, AUTHOR = "K. G\'{o}ral and L. Santos and M. Lewenstein", TITLE = "Quantum Phases of Dipolar Bosons in Optical Lattices", JOURNAL = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", YEAR = "2002", volume = "88", pages = "170406", abstract = " The ground state of dipolar bosons placed in an optical lattice is analyzed. We show that the modification of experimentally accessible parameters can lead to the realization and control of different quantum phases, including superfluid, supersolid, Mott insulator, checkerboard, and collapse phases " } @ARTICLE{GioODeKur02, AUTHOR = "S. Giovanazzi and D. O'Dell and G. Kurizki ", TITLE = "Density Modulations of {B}ose-{E}instein Condensates via Laser-Induced Interactions", JOURNAL = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", YEAR = "2002", volume = "88", pages = "130402", abstract = " We show that the dipole-dipole interatomic forces induced by an off-resonant running laser beam can lead to a self-bound pencil-shaped Bose condensate, even if the laser beam is a plane wave. For an appropriate laser intensity the ground state has a quasi-one-dimensional density modulation—a Bose-Einstein supersolid. " } @ARTICLE{KrzEngRze01, AUTHOR = "Krzysztof G\'{o}ral and Berthold-Georg Englert and Kazimierz Rz\c{a}\.{z}ewski", TITLE = "Semiclassical theory of trapped fermionic dipoles", JOURNAL = "Phys. Rev. A", YEAR = "2001", volume = "63", pages = "033606", abstract = " We investigate the properties of a degenerate dilute gas of neutral fermionic particles in a harmonic trap that interact via dipole-dipole forces. We employ the semiclassical Thomas-Fermi method and discuss the Dirac correction to the interaction energy. A nearly analytic as well as an exact numerical minimization of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac energy functional are performed in order to obtain the density distribution. We determine the stability of the system as a function of the interaction strength, the particle number, and the trap geometry. We find that there are interaction strengths and particle numbers for which the gas cannot be trapped stably in a spherically symmetric trap, but both prolate and oblate traps will work successfully. " } @article{YiYou02, author={Yi, S. and You, L.}, title={Probing dipolar effects with condensate shape oscillation}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={66}, number={1}, pages={013607/1-4}, year={2002}, abstract={We discuss the low-energy shape oscillations of a magnetically trapped atomic condensate including the spin dipole interaction. When the nominal isotropic s-wave interaction strength becomes tunable through a Feshbach resonance (e.g., as for /sup 85/Rb atoms), anisotropic dipolar effects are shown to be detectable under current experimental conditions [E.A. Donley et al., Nature (London) 412, 295 (2001)]} } @ARTICLE{BarMarRyc02, AUTHOR = "M. A. Baranov and M. S. Mar'enko and Val. S. Rychkov and G. V. Shlyapnikov", TITLE = "Superfluid pairing in a polarized dipolar {F}ermi gas", JOURNAL = "Phys. Rev. A", YEAR = "2002", volume = "66", pages = "013606", abstract = "We calculate the critical temperature of a superfluid phase transition in a polarized Fermi gas of dipolar particles. In this case the order parameter is anisotropic and has a nontrivial energy dependence. Cooper pairs do not have a definite value of the angular momentum and are coherent superpositions of all odd angular momenta. Our results describe prospects for achieving the superfluid transition in single-component gases of fermionic polar molecules." } @article{DebYou01, author={Deb, B. and You, L.}, title={Low-energy atomic collision with dipole interactions}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={64}, number={2}, pages={022717/1-13}, year={2001}, abstract={We apply quantum-defect theory to study low-energy ground-state atomic collisions, including aligned dipole interactions such as those induced by an electric field. Our results show that coupled even-l relative orbital angular momentum partial-wave channels exhibit shape resonance structures while odd-l channels do not. We analyze and interpret these resonances within the framework of multichannel quantum defect theory} } @article{HuaYan57, author={K. Huang and C. N. Yang}, title={}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume = {105}, number = {}, pages = {767}, year = {1957}, abstract={}, note={} } @article{WeideCKim98, author={Weinstein, J. D. and deCarvalho, R. and Kim, J. and Patterson, D. and Friedrich, B. and Doyle, J. M.}, title={Magnetic trapping of atomic chromium}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={57}, number={5}, pages={R3173-5}, year={1998}, abstract={Ground-state /sup 52/Cr atoms have been magnetically trapped using buffer-gas loading. The atoms are produced by laser ablation of solid /sup 52/Cr, thermalized by collisions with a cryogenically cooled helium buffer gas, and trapped by an anti-Helmholtz quadrupole magnetic field. The atoms are detected by absorption spectroscopy on the a/sup 7/S/sub 3/ to or from z/sup 7/P/sub 3/ transition at 427.6 nm. Using this technique, approximately 10/sup 11/ atoms are loaded into the trap in a single ablation pulse. Loading has been demonstrated at temperatures from 0.3 to 1.4 K} } @article{BelStuLoc99, author={Bell, A. S. and Stuhler, J. and Locher, S. and Hensler, S. and Mlynek, J. and Pfau, T.}, title={A magneto-optical trap for chromium with population repumping via intercombination lines}, journal={Europhys. Lett.}, volume={45}, number={2}, pages={156-61}, year={1999}, abstract={We present the realisation of a magneto-optical trap for chromium. /sup 52/Cr atoms are loaded directly from a thermal beam. The trap lifetime is enhanced by using two red lasers to repump population that has decayed, via intercombination lines, to metastable levels back into the cooling cycle. We have measured the wavelengths of these intercombination lines and observed coherent Raman spectra. The observed density of ~10/sup 8/ cm/sup -3/ is currently limited by collisions with the hot beam} } @article{KimFriKat97, author={Kim, J. and Friedrich, B. and Katz, D. P. and Patterson, D. and Weinstein, J. D. and DeCarvalho, R. and Doyle, J. M.}, title={Buffer-gas loading and magnetic trapping of atomic europium}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={78}, number={19}, pages={3665-8}, year={1997}, abstract={Atomic europium has been magnetically trapped using buffer-gas loading. Laser ablated Eu(/sup 8/S/sub 7/2/) atoms are thermalized to 800 mK in a /sup 4/He buffer gas (to 250 mK in a /sup 3/He buffer gas). Anti-Helmholtz superconducting coils produce a quadrupole magnetic field to trap the M/sub J/=7/2 state of Eu. Detection is via absorption spectroscopy at 462.7 nm. Up to 1*10/sup 12/ Eu atoms are loaded at a central density of 5*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/. Atoms can be held for longer than 100 s} } @article{RotFel01, author={Roth, R. and Feldmeier, H.}, title={Effective s- and p-wave contact interactions in trapped degenerate {F}ermi gasses}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={64}, number={}, pages={043603}, year={2001} } @book{Gel97, author = {Sydney Geltman}, title = {Topics in atomic collision theory}, EDITION = {}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Krieger Pub. Co.}, address = {Florida}, annote = {reprint} } @book{MotMas65, author = {Mott, N. F. and Massey, H. S. W.}, title = {The theory of atomic collisions}, EDITION = {3rd}, year = {1965}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {London}, annote = {} } @book{DemOst88, author = {Demkov, {Yu}. N. and Ostrovsky, V. N.}, title = {Zero-range Potentials Method in Atomic Physics }, EDITION = {}, year = {1988}, publisher = {Plenum}, address = {New York}, annote = {} } @book{Joa83, author = {Charles J. Joachain }, title = {Quantum collision theory }, EDITION = {3rd}, year = {1983}, publisher = {North-Holland Pub. Co}, address = {Amsterdam; New York}, annote = {Outgrowth of lectures which the author has given at the universities of Berkeley, Calif., Brussels, and Louvain} } % 12/27/2004 % MAy 1st 2002 % May 28, 2001 % Mar 14, 2001 %%%%%%%% Parity non-conservation % for later addition %\bibitem {PNCbooks}W. Greiner, B. Muller, \emph{Gauge Theory of Weak %Interactions}; E. D. Commins, P. H. Bucksbaum, \emph{Weak Interactions of %Leptons and Quarks}, Cambridge Press (1983). @article{SapPacVei03, author={J. Sapirstein and K. Pachucki and A. Veitia and K. T. Cheng}, title={Radiative corrections to parity-nonconserving transitions in atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={67}, number={6}, pages={052110/1--10}, year={2003}, abstract={ The matrix element of a bound electron interacting with the nucleus through exchange of a Z boson is studied for the gauge-invariant case of 2s1/2-2p1/2 transitions in hydrogenic ions. The QED radiative correction to the matrix element, which is –/2 in lowest order, is calculated to all orders in Z using exact propagators. Previous calculations of the first-order binding correction are confirmed both analytically and by fitting the exact function at low Z. Consequences for the interpretation of parity nonconservation in cesium are discussed. } } @article{MilSusTer03a, author={Milstein, A.I. and Sushkov, O.P. and Terekhov, I.S.}, title={Calculation of radiative corrections to the effect of parity nonconservation in heavy atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={67}, number={6}, pages={62103/1--12}, year={2003}, abstract={We calculate the self-energy and the vertex radiative corrections to the effect of parity nonconservation in heavy atoms. The sum of the corrections is of the form A ln( lambda /sub C//r/sub 0/)+B, where A and B are functions of Z alpha , and lambda /sub C/ and r/sub 0/ are the Compton wavelength and the nuclear radius, respectively. The function A is calculated exactly in Z alpha and the function B is calculated in the leading order. In the leading order A varies as alpha (Z alpha )/sup 2/ and B varies as alpha (Z alpha ). The sum of the corrections is -0.85% for Cs and -1.48% for Tl. Using these results, we have performed an analysis of the experimental data on atomic parity nonconservation. The values obtained for the nuclear weak charge, Q/sub W/=-72.81(28)/sub expt/(36)/sub theor/ for Cs and Q/sub W/=-116.8(1.2)/sub expt/(3.4)/sub theor/ for Tl, agree with the predictions of the standard model within 0.6 sigma . As an application of our approach we have also calculated the dependence of the Lamb shift on the finite nuclear size} } @article{MilSusTer02, author={A. I. Milstein and O. P. Sushkov and I. S. Terekhov}, title= {Radiative Corrections and Parity Nonconservation in Heavy Atoms }, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={89}, pages={283003}, year={2002}, abstract={ The self-energy and the vertex radiative corrections to the effect of parity nonconservation in heavy atoms are calculated analytically in orders Z2 and Z23ln(C/r0), where C and r0 are the Compton wavelength and the nuclear radius, respectively. The sum of the radiative corrections is –0.85% for Cs and –1.41% for Tl. Using these results, we have performed analysis of the experimental data on atomic parity nonconservation. The values obtained for the nuclear weak charge, QW = –72.90(28)exp(35)theor for Cs, and QW = –116.7(1.2)exp(3.4)theor for Tl, agree with predictions of the standard model. As an application of our approach, we have also calculated analytically the dependence of the Lamb shift on the finite size of the nucleus. } } @article{MilSus02, author={A. I. Milstein and O. P. Sushkov}, title= {Radiative Corrections and Parity Nonconservation in Heavy Atoms }, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={66}, pages={022108}, year={2002}, abstract={ Parity nonconservation due to the nuclear weak charge is considered. We demonstrate that the radiative corrections to this effect due to the vacuum fluctuations of the characteristic size larger than the nuclear radius r0 and smaller than the electron Compton wavelength C are enhanced because of the strong electric field of the nucleus. The parameter that allows one to classify the corrections is the large logarithm ln(C/r0). The vacuum polarization contribution is enhanced by the second power of the logarithm. Although the self-energy and the vertex corrections do not vanish, they contain only the first power of the logarithm. The value of the radiative correction is 0.4% for Cs and 0.9% for Tl, Pb, and Bi. We discuss also how the correction affects the interpretation of the experimental data on parity nonconservation in atoms. } } @inproceedings{EngKimLi01, author={English, D.S. and Kimball, D.F. and Li, C.-H. and Nguyen, A.-T. and Rochester, S.M. and Stalnaker, J.E. and Yashchuk, V.V. and Budker, D. and Freedman, S.J. and Zolotorev, M.}, title={Atomic tests of discrete symmetries at Berkeley}, Booktitle={Art and Symmetry in Experimental Physics. AIP Conf.\ Proc.}, number={596}, pages={108-19}, year={2001}, editor={Budker. D.}, publisher = "AIP", abstract={Recent and ongoing experiments testing various fundamental discrete symmetries are discussed, including search for parity nonconservation in dysprosium and ytterbium, investigation of possibilities of searches for parity and time-reversal invariance violation in samarium, and a test of permutation properties of photons in a two-photon transition in barium} } @misc{theorPNCallNew, note={ A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 85}, 1618 (2000); V. A. Dzuba {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. A {\bf 63}, 044103 (2001); M. G. Kozlov {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 86}, 3260 (2001); W. R. Johnson {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 87}, 233001 (2001); A. I. Milstein and O. P. Sushkov, e-print: hep-ph/0109257; A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev A. {\bf 65}, 012106 (2002); Dzuba {\em et al.}, e-print: hep-ph/0111019 } } @article{KucFla02, author={Kuchiev, M.Yu. and Flambaum, V.}, title={{QED} radiative corrections to parity nonconservation in heavy atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={89}, number={28}, pages={283002/1-4}, year={2002}, abstract={The self-energy and vertex QED radiative corrections [~Z alpha /sup 2/f(Z alpha )] are shown to give a large negative contribution to the parity nonconserving (PNC) amplitude in heavy atoms. The correction -0.73(20)% found for the 6s-7s PNC amplitude in /sup 133/Cs brings the experimental result for this transition into agreement with the standard model. The calculations are based on a new relation that expresses the radiative corrections to the PNC matrix element via corrections to the energy shifts induced by the finite nuclear size} } @article{DzuFlaGin02, author={Dzuba, V.A. and Flambaum, V.V. and Ginges, J.S.M.}, title={High-precision calculation of parity nonconservation in cesium and test of the standard model}, journal={Phys. Rev. D}, volume={66}, number={7}, pages={076013/1-11}, year={2002}, abstract={We calculate the 6s-7s parity nonconserving (PNC) E1 transition amplitude E/sub PNC/ in cesium. We use an improved all-order technique in the calculation of the correlations and include all significant contributions to E/sub PNC/. Our final value E/sub PNC/=0.904(1+or-0.5%)*10/sup -11/iea/sub B/(-Q/sub W//N) has half the uncertainty claimed in old calculations used for the interpretation of Cs PNC experiments. The resulting nuclear weak charge Q/sub W/ for Cs deviates by about 2 sigma from the value predicted by the standard model} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{GroAguAms00, author = {Groom, D. E. and Aguillar-Benitez, M. and Amsler, C. and others}, title = {Review of particle physics}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1-878}, year = {2000}, abstract={The biennial review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2000 new measurements from 610 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in summary tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topic such as the standard model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the summary tables and abbreviated versions of some of the sections of this full reviews. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the particle data group website} } @book{Khr91, author = {I. B. Khriplovich}, title = {Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Phenomena}, EDITION = {}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Gordon \& Breach}, address = {Philadelphia}, annote = {} } @article{BouBou97, author = {Bouchiat, M.-A. and Bouchiat, C.}, title = {Parity violation in atoms}, journal = {Rep.\, Prog.\, Phys. }, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {1351-94}, year = {1997}, abstract={Optical experiments have demonstrated cases in which mirror symmetry in stable atoms is broken during the absorption or emission of light. Such results, which are in conflict with quantum electrodynamics, support the theory of unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions. The interpretation of the experimental results is based on exchanges of weak neutral Z/sub 0/ bosons between the electrons and the nucleus of the atom. A concise review of these phenomena in atomic physics is presented. The role of precise caesium parity-violation experiments, as a source of valuable information about electroweak physics, is illustrated by examples pertaining to experimental conditions which, in some cases, are not accessible to accelerator experiments. We give the basic principles of experiments, some under way and others completed, where a quantitative determination of the nuclear weak charge, Q/sub w/, which plays for the Z/sup 0/ exchange the same role as the electric charge for the Coulomb interaction is to be, or has been achieved. In the most recent and most precise experiment the accuracy on Q/sub w/ is limited to 1% by the uncertainty due to atomic physics calculations. Such a result challenges specialists in atomic theory and nuclear structure, since a more accurate determination of Q/sub w/ would mean more stringent constraints upon possible extensions of the standard model. Moreover, clear evidence has recently been obtained for the existence of the nuclear anapole moment, which describes the valence electron interaction with a chiral nuclear-magnetization component induced by the parity-violating nuclear forces. In writing this review, our hope was to make clear that any improvement in atomic parity-violation measurements will allow the exploration of new areas of electroweak physics} } @article{BouPik88, author={Bouchiat, C. and Piketty, C. A.}, title={Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole amplitudes induced by the hyperfine interaction in the Cesium 6S-7S transition and the parity violation calibration}, journal={Journal de Physique}, volume={49}, number={11}, pages={1851-6}, year={1988}, abstract={A possible way to calibrate the Cesium 6S to 7S parity violating electric dipole amplitude E/sub 1/(p.v) is to make use of the ratio E/sub 1/(p.v)/M/sub 1/(h.f) where M/sub 1/(h.f) is the magnetic dipole amplitude induced by the hyperfine interaction V(h.f). The authors show by evaluating relativistic and many-body effects that M/sub 1/(h.f) is given, to better than 3.10/sup -3/, by the geometrical mean of the 6S and 7S hyperfine splittings and thus provides a very good calibration of E/sub 1/(p.v). If one wishes to reach the 1% accuracy, it may be no longer legitimate to ignore the electric quadrupole amplitude E/sub 2/(h.f) which can also be induced by V(h.f). They have shown that E/sub 2/(h.f), computed within a one-particle model, is strongly suppressed by an approximate selection rule. This rule, however, does not work in general for many-body effects. Consequently they have made an estimate of the ratio E/sub 2/(h.f)/M/sub 1/(h.f) to first order in the electron-electron interaction and they have found a value which confirms the necessity of including the quadrupole amplitude E/sub 2/(h.f) in the 6S to 7S radiative amplitude, as it is suggested by a recent phenomenological analysis of the experimental data. This quadrupole amplitude E/sub 2/(h.f) is by itself an interesting quantity since it is governed almost exclusively by many-body effects} } @article{BouBou75, author={Bouchiat, M. A. and Bouchiat, C.}, title={Parity violation induced by weak neutral currents in atomic physics. II}, journal={Journal de Physique}, volume={36}, number={6}, pages={493-509}, year={1975}, abstract={For pt.I see abstr. A24606 of 1975. The authors give a detailed account of the evaluation of the electric dipole amplitude induced in alkali one-photon S-S transitions, by the parity violating electron-nucleus short range potential V/sub p.v./ associated with the weak neutral currents. Two methods are presented: the first involves an explicit sum over the contributions of the P-states admixed with the S-states and incorporates the best information available on S-P electric dipole amplitudes. The second method, mathematically more elegant, avoids with the help of Green's function techniques any explicit sum over the P states, and, provided that some spin-orbit corrections are neglected, leads to a fairly simple formula involving Coulomb integrals tabulated in the literature and the interpolated quantum defects for S and P waves. A description of possible ways to detect parity violation induced in radiative S-S transitions is given with a brief discussion of physical processes which could be a source of experimental difficulty. Lastly a theoretical analysis of the influence of a static electric field on the radiative S-S transitions is given} } @article{BouBou74, author={Bouchiat, M. A. and Bouchiat, C.}, title={Parity violation induced by weak neutral currents in atomic physics. I}, journal={Journal de Physique}, volume={35}, number={12}, pages={899-927}, year={1974}, abstract={A general analysis is presented of the parity violating phenomena induced by neutral currents in Atomic Physics. Expressions are given for the short range parity violating electron-nucleus and electron-electron potentials predicted by the theoretical schemes of weak interactions featuring neutral currents. A detailed computation of the matrix element between one-particles and p states, of the electron-nucleus parity violating potential is described. The accuracy of the formula is comparable to that of the Fermi-Segre formula, i.e. a few percent when Z>>1. Besides its simplicity, a remarkable feature of the result is a Z/sup 3/ dependence, which obviously favours heavy atoms. A brief analysis of the manifestation of parity mixing in atomic radiative transitions, is given} } @article{BouGue88, author={Bouchiat, M. -A. and Guena, J.}, title={The E/sub 2/ 6S-7S amplitude in Cesium and its importance in a precise calibration of E/sub 1//sup pv/}, journal={Journal de Physique}, volume={49}, number={12}, pages={2037-44}, year={1988}, abstract={Among all 6S-7S Cs transition amplitudes, M/sub 1//sup hf/ induced by the off-diagonal hyperfine interaction has recently become the most precisely known on theoretical grounds. Consequently, it is now possible to achieve 0.3% accuracy in the calibration of the parity violating amplitude E/sub 1//sup pv/ using M/sub 1//sup hf/ as a standard. For this reason the authors address the problem of a precise interpretation of the signals involved in the calibration procedure, namely those providing the ratio of M/sub 1//sup hf/ to the normal M/sub 1/ amplitude. They show that the interpretation of the data can no longer omit the quadrupole electric amplitude E/sub 2/ induced by the off diagonal hyperfine interaction. Including E/sub 2/ substantially improves the agreement between determinations of M/sub 1//sup hf//M/sub 1/ derived from experiments based on different principles. A reanalysis of current experimental data gives M/sub 1//sup hf//M/sub 1/=(188.6+or-1.7)*10/sup -3/ and E/sub 2//M/sub 1//sup hf/=(42+or-13)*10/sup -3/. The last result is compatible with a recent theoretical evaluation. Using the revised M/sub 1//sup hf// beta empirical ratio and the theoretical value of M/sub 1//sup hf/ they arrive at a determination of the Stark vector polarizability beta =(27.17+or-0.35) a/sub 0//sup 3/ in excellent agreement with the semiempirical determination beta /sub se/=(27.2+or-0.4) a/sub 0//sup 3/} } @PHDTHESIS{Hof82, author = {J. Hoffnagle}, title = {}, school = {Swiss Federal Institute of Technology}, year = {1982}, address = {Zurich}, annote = {}, } @article{BluJohSap90, author = {S. A. Blundell and W. R. Johnson and J. Sapirstein}, title= {High-accuracy calculation of the {$6S_{ 1/2}$} to {$7S_{1/2}$} parity-nonconserving transition in atomic cesium and implications for the standard model}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, year = {1990}, volume = {65}, pages = {1411-4}, abstract={A many-body calculation of the parity-nonconserving amplitude for the 6s/sub 1/2/ to 7s/sub 1/2/ transition in atomic cesium with an error of order 1% is presented, E/sub PNC/=-0.906(9)(Q/sub W//-N)i mod e mod a/sub 0/*10/sup -11/. Using this result to determine Q/sub W/ from high-precision measurements of the transition leads to a quantitative test of the standard model. The various sources contributing to the transition are discussed and their uncertainties estimated. A discussion of radiative corrections with emphasis on the role of the top-quark mass is given}, annote = {PNC in Cs - all order}, note={ {P}hys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 45}, 1602 (1992)} } @article{BluJohSap92, author = {S. A. Blundell and W. R. Johnson and J. Sapirstein}, title={High-accuracy calculation of parity nonconservation in cesium and implications for particle physics}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ D}, volume={45}, number={5}, pages={1602-23}, year={1992}, abstract={High-precision measurements of atomic parity-nonconserving transitions in cesium when coupled with calculations of similar accuracy allow for a precise determination of Q/sub W/, the weak nuclear charge. When expressed in terms of the Z mass, radiative corrections to Q/sub W/ are insensitive to the top-quark mass, so such a determination of Q/sub W/ allows a particularly sensitive probe of radiative corrections depending on new physics. While the wave function of cesium, the atom in which the most accurate measurements have been made, is extremely complex, atomic theory has advanced to a point where predictions accurate to 1% can be made. This paper describes such a calculation with particular emphasis on the question of the reliability of the atomic theory. Particle-physics implications following from the present state of theory and experiment are discussed, and prospects for more accurate work described} } @article{DzuFlaSus89, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Summation of the high orders of perturbation theory for the parity nonconserving {E1}-amplitude of the 6s-7s transition in the caesium atom}, journal={Phys.\ Lett.\ A}, volume={141}, number={3-4}, pages={147-53}, year={1989}, abstract={{Three dominating subsequences of diagrams in the correlation correction to amplitude are summed: screening of the electron-electron interaction particle-hole interaction and the iterations of the self-energy. The result of the calculations is E1 (6s-7s)=(0.910.01)*10/sup -11/iea/sub B/(-Q/sub w//N) Q/sub w/ is the weak charge of the nucleus N is the number of neutrons. A recent experiment of Noecker et al. (1988) and the authors calculation give the following value of the Weinberg angle: sin/sup 2/ theta /sub w/=0.2260.007 (exp)0.004 (theor)}}, } @article{XiaMouYou90, author = {X. Xiaxing and H. Mouqi and Z. Youyuan and Z. Zhiming}, title = {The parity non-conservation E1 matrix of barium-a semi-empirical calculation}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {4239-46}, year = {1990}, abstract={A number of works have reported on the calculation of the parity non-conservation E1 matrix for Cs and Tl atoms. However little has been done on other more complex atoms. The authors give a MQDT wavefunction for an alkaline-earth atom at the origin, and upon this base a semi-empirical calculation of Im E1/sub pn/ /sub c/ of atomic barium. The results show that the Im E1/sub pnc/ of the 0 to 32480 cm/sup -1/ transition is 8.9 *10/sup -11/ ea/sub 0/, which implies that the barium atom might be a possible candidate for PNC investigation in atomic spectroscopy} } @article{WooBenCho97, author = {C. S. Wood and S. C. Bennett and D. Cho and B. P. Masterson and J. L. Roberts and C. E. Tanner and C. E. Wieman}, title = {Measurement of parity nonconservation and an anapole moment in cesium}, journal = {Science}, volume = {275}, pages = {1759--63}, year = {1997}, annote = {PNC in Cs; experimental} } @article{BenWie99, author = {S. C. Bennett and C. E. Wieman}, title = {Measurement of the $6S \rightarrow 7S$ Transition Polarizability in Atomic Cesium and an Improved Test of the Standard Model}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett. }, volume = {82}, pages = {2484--7}, year = {1999}, annote = {PNC in Cs; M1hf -> beta -> Epnc -> Qw; 2.5 sigma} } @inproceedings{OroSimSpr97, author={Orozco, L. A. and Simsarian, J. E. and Sprouse, G. D. and Zhao, W. Z.}, title={Francium spectroscopy: towards a low energy test of the standard model}, booktitle={AIP Conf.\ Proc. }, volume={}, series ={}, number={400}, pages={107-16}, year={1997}, abstract={An atomic parity non-conservation measurement can test the predictions of the standard model for the electron-quark coupling constants. The measurements, performed at very low energies compared to the Z/sup 0/ pole, can be sensitive to physics beyond the standard model. Francium, the heaviest alkali, is a viable candidate for atomic parity violation measurements. The extraction of weak interaction parameters requires a detailed knowledge of the electronic wavefunctions of the atom. Measurements of atomic properties of francium provide data for careful comparisons with ab initio calculations of its atomic structure. The spectroscopy, including energy level location and atomic lifetimes, is carried out using the recently developed techniques of laser cooling and trapping of atoms} } @article{SprOroSim98, author={Sprouse, G. D. and Orozco, L. A. and Simsarian, J. E. and Zhao, W. Z.}, title={Laser-trapped francium, a new laboratory for precision measurements}, journal={Nucl.\ Phys.\ A}, volume={A630}, number={1-2}, pages={316-20}, year={1998}, abstract={The long term goal of our program is to prepare a test of the standard model with francium. As a prerequiste, it is important to test the atomic theory of francium by measurement of energies and matrix elements to high precision, for comparison with the results of the ab-initio theory. As an added benefit, understanding Fr gives greater confidence to the calculations for Cs. The laser-trapped Fr atoms provide an excellent sample for these measurements because the atoms are compressed in both physical space and in momentum, space ideal for exciting the atoms with other lasers} } @article{DzuFla00, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. }, title={Off-Diagonal Hyperfine Interaction and Parity Non-conservation in Cesium }, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={62}, number={}, pages={052101}, year={2000}, abstract={ We have performed relativistic many-body calculations of the hyperfine interaction in the $6s$ and $7s$ states ofCs, including the off-diagonal matrix element. The calculations were used to determine the accuracy of the semi-empirical formula for the electromagnetic transition amplitude $<6s|M1|7s>$ induced by the hyperfine interaction. We have found that even though the contribution of the many-body effects into the matrix elements is very large, the square root formula $<6s|H_{hfs}|7s > = \sqrt{< 6s|H_{hfs}|6s > < 7s|H_{hfs}|7s >}$ remains valid to the accuracy of a fraction of $10^{-3}$. The result for the M1-amplitude is used in the interpretation of the parity-violation measurement in the $6s-7s$ transition in Cs which claims a possible deviation from the Standard model. } } @article{DeM95, author = {DeMille, D.}, title = {Parity nonconservation in the 6s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/ to 6s5d /sup 3/D/sub 1/ transition in atomic ytterbium}, journal = {Phys. \, Rev. \, Lett.}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {4165-8}, year = {1995}, abstract={The 6s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/ to 6s5d /sup 3/D/sub 1/ transition in atomic Yb is proposed for use in the study of atomic parity nonconservation (PNC). This transition is shown to have a very large E1 amplitude arising from PNC: mod I/sub m/(E1/sub PNC/) mod equivalent to 1.1*10/sup -9/ea/sub 0/, and also a strongly suppressed M1 amplitude and a moderate Stark-induced amplitude. Extremely high-precision measurements of PNC in Yb appear possible, using experimental techniques of proven utility. Comparison of PNC in the wide range of stable isotopes of Yb may provide a unique test of the standard model of electroweak interactions} } @article{DzuFlaSus97, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Polarizabilities and parity nonconservation in the {Cs} atom and limits on the deviation from the standard electroweak model}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={56}, number={6}, pages={R4357-60}, year={1997}, abstract={A semiempirical calculation of the 6s-7s Stark amplitude alpha in Cs has been performed using the most accurate measurements and calculations of the electromagnetic amplitudes available. This is then used to extract the parameters of the electroweak theory from experimental data. The results are alpha =269.0(1.3)a/sub 0//sup 3/, weak charge of Cs Q/sub W/=72.41(25)/sub expt/(80)/sub theor/, deviation from the standard model S=-1.0(.3)/sub expt/(1.0)/sub theor/ and the limit on the mass of the extra Z boson in the SO(10) model M/sub Zx/>550 GeV} } @article{DzuFlaSus95, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Calculation of energy levels, E1 transition amplitudes and parity violation in francium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={51}, number={5}, pages={3454-61}, year={1995}, abstract={Many-body perturbation theory in the screened Coulomb interaction was used to calculate energy levels, E1 transition amplitudes, and the parity-nonconserving (PNC) E1 amplitude of the 7s-8s transition in francium. The method takes into account the core-polarization effect, the second-order correlations, and the three dominating sequences of higher-order correlation diagrams: screening of the electron-electron interaction, particle-hole interaction, and the iterations of the self-energy operator. The result for the PNC amplitude for /sup 223/Fr is E1(7s-8s)=(1.59+or- approximately 1%)*10/sup -10/iea/sub B/(-Qw/N), where Q/sub W/ is the weak charge of the nucleus, N=136 is the number of neutrons e= mod e mod is the elementary charge, and as is the Bohr radius. Our prediction for the position of the 8s energy level of Fr, which has not been measured yet, is 13110 cm/sup -1/ below the limit of the continuous spectrum. The accuracy of the calculation was controlled by comparison with available experimental data and analogous calculations for cesium. It is estimated to be approximately 0.1% for the energy levels and approximately 1% for the transition amplitudes} } @article{MarRos90, author={Marciano, W. J. and Rosner, J. L.}, title={Atomic parity violation as a probe of new physics}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={65}, number={24}, pages={2963-6}, year={1990}, abstract={Effects of physics beyond the standard model on electroweak observables are studied using the Peskin-Takeuchi isospin-conserving, S, and -breaking, T, parametrization of 'new' quantum loop corrections. Experimental constraints on S and T are presented. Atomic parity-violating experiments are shown to be particularly sensitive to S with existing data giving S=-2.7+or-2.0+or-1.1. That constraint has important implications for generic technicolor models which predict S approximately=0.1N/sub T/N/sub D/ (N/sub T/ is the number of technicolors, N/sub D/ is the number of technidoublets)}, note={ {\bf 68}, 898(E) (1992)} } @article{Ram99, author={Ramsey-Musolf, M. J.}, title={Low-energy parity-violation and new physics}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ C}, volume={60}, number={1}, pages={015501/1-18}, year={1999}, abstract={The new physics sensitivity of a variety of low-energy parity-violating (PV) observables is analyzed. A comparison is made between atomic PV for a single isotope, atomic PV using isotope ratios, and PV electron-hadron and electron-electron scattering. The complementarity among these observables, as well as with high-energy processes, is emphasized. Theoretical uncertainties entering the interpretation of low-energy measurements are discussed} } @article{Ros00, author={Rosner, J. L.}, title={Atomic parity violation and precision electroweak physics - An updated analysis}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ D}, volume={61}, number={1}, pages={016006/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={A new analysis of parity violation in atomic cesium has led to an improved value of the weak charge, Q/sub W/(Cs)=-72.06+or-0.46. The implications of this result for constraining the Peskin-Takeuchi parameters S and T and for guiding searches for new Z bosons are discussed} } @article{CasCurDom99, author={Casalbuoni, R. and {de Curtis}, S. and Dominici, D. and Gatto, R.}, title={Bounds on new physics from the new data on parity violation in atomic cesium}, journal={Phys.\ Lett.\ B}, volume={460}, number={1-2}, pages={135-40}, year={1999}, abstract={We assume the latest experimental determination of the weak charge of atomic cesium and analyze its implications for possible new physics. We notice that the data would imply positive upper and lower bounds on the new physics contribution to the weak charge, delta /sub N/Q/sub W/. The required new physics should be of a type not severely constrained by the high energy precision data. A simplest possibility would be new neutral vector bosons almost un-mixed to the Z and with sizeable couplings to fermions. The lower positive bound would however forbid zero or negative delta /sub N/Q/sub W/ and exclude at 99% CL not only the standard model but also models with sequential Z', in particular simple-minded towers of Z-like excitation from extra-dimensions. The bound would also imply an upper limit on the Z' mass within the models allowed. Conclusions are also derived for models of four-fermion contact interactions} } @article{SafJoh00a, author={Safronova, M. S. and Johnson, W. R.}, title={High-precision calculation of the parity-nonconserving amplitude in francium}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={62}, number={2}, pages={022112/1-5}, year={2000}, abstract={A high-precision calculation of the 7s-8s parity-nonconserving (PNC) transition amplitude in francium, based on a relativistic all-order method, is presented. Our values for the PNC amplitudes in /sup 223/Fr and /sup 210/Fr are E/sub PNC/=15.41(17) and 14.02(15), respectively, in units 10/sup -11/i|e|a/sub 0/(-Q/sub W//N), where Q/sub W/ is the weak charge and N is the neutron number. Spin-dependent contributions to the PNC amplitude are calculated for Fr isotopes with nucleon numbers A=207, 209, 211, and 213. To assess the accuracy of our calculations, we apply the present all-order method to the 6s-7s PNC amplitude in cesium and obtain a result in close agreement with previous high-precision calculations} } @article{VetMeeMaj95, author = {Vetter, P. A. and Meekhof, D. M. and Majumder, P. K. and Lamoreaux, S. K. and Fortson, E. N.}, title = {Precise test of electroweak theory from a new measurement of parity nonconservation in atomic thallium}, journal = {Phys. \ Rev. \ Lett.}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {2658-61}, year = {1995}, abstract={We report a new measurement of parity nonconserving (PNC) optical rotation near the 1.28 mu m, 6P/sub 1/2/ to 6P/sub 3/2/ magnetic dipole transition in thallium. We find the ratio of the PNC E1 amplitude to the M1 amplitude to be R=(-14.68+or-0.17)*10/sup -8/, which within the present uncertainty of atomic theory yields the thallium weak charge Q/sub w/(/sup 205/Tl)=-114.2+or-3.8 and the electroweak parameter S=-2.2+or-3.0. Separate measurements on the F=1 and F=0 ground-state hyperfine components of the transition yield R/sub 1/-R/sub 0/=(0.15+or-0.20)*10/sup -8/, which limits the size of nuclear spin-dependent PNC in Tl} } @article{EdwPhiBai95, author = {Edwards, N. H. and Phipp, S. J. and Baird, P. E. G. and Nakayama, S.}, title = {Precise measurement of parity nonconserving optical rotation in atomic thallium}, journal = {Phys. \ Rev. \ Lett.}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {2654-7}, year = {1995}, abstract={We report a new measurement of parity nonconserving (PNC) optical rotation on the 6p/sub 1/2/-6p/sub 3/2/ transition in atomic thallium near 1283 nm. The result expressed in terms of the quantity R=Im(E1/sup PNC//M1) is -(15.68+or-0.45)*10/sup -8/, and is consistent with current calculations based on the standard model. In addition, limits have been set on the much smaller nuclear spin-dependent rotation amplitude at R/sub S/=(0.04+or-0.20)*10/sup -8/; this is consistent with theoretical estimates which include a nuclear anapole contribution} } @article{DzuFlaSil87J, author = {Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Silvestrov, P. G. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title = {Calculation of parity non-conservation in thallium}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {3297-311}, year = {1987}, abstract={Parity non-conserving (PNC) E1 amplitudes for /sup 205/Tl are calculated. In units of 10/sup -10/ (i mod e mod a/sub B/Q/sub w//-N) (Q/sub w/ is the weak charge of the nucleus, N is the number of neutrons) the authors find that (6p/sub 3/2/ 1/2 mod D/sub z/ mod 6p/sub 1/2/ 1/2)=-2.70(1+or-0.03) and (7p/sub 1/2/ 1/2 mod D/sub z/ mod 6p/sub 1/2/ 1/2)=-0.79(1+or-0.06). Using the technique developed the authors recalculate the PNC E1 amplitude for /sup 133/Cs, finding, with a high degree of accuracy, that (7s 1/2 mod D/sub z/ mod 6s 1/2)=0.090(1+or-0.02). They also calculate the PNC E1 amplitude for /sup 85/Rb, obtaining (6s 1/2 mod D/sub z/ mod 5s 1/2)=0.0139(1+or-0.02). For the calculation they use the time-dependent Hartree-Fock method as the first approximation and then take into account all the correlation corrections of second order in the residual Coulomb interaction} } @article{DzuFlaSil95S, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Silvestrov, P. G. and Sushkov, O. P.}, title={Parity non-conservation in thallium and caesium}, journal = {Phys. Scr.}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {69-70}, year = {1987}, abstract={Parity non-conserving (PNC) El-amplitudes for /sup 205/Tl are calculated: (7p/sub 1/2/ mod D/sub z/ mod 6p/sub 1/2/)=-7.9(1+or-0.06), (6p/sub 3/2/ mod D/sub z/ mod 6p/sub 1/2/)=-27.0(1+or-0.03) (in units of 10/sup -11/i mod e mod a/sub B/(-Q/sub W//N)), Q/sub W/ is the weak charge of the nucleus, N=124 is the number of the neutrons. Using the developed technique, the authors recalculate the PNC El-amplitude for /sup 133/Cs with high accuracy: (7s mod D/sub z/ mod 6s)=0.90(1+or-0.02). The method of calculation is the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) plus correlation corrections of second order in residual interaction} } @article{WarThoSta93, author = {Warrington, R. B. and Thompson, C. D. and Stacey, D. N.}, title = {A new measurement of parity-non-conserving optical rotation at 648 nm in atomic bismuth}, journal = {Europhys. \ Lett.}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {641-6}, year = {1993}, abstract={We report a new measurement of parity-non-conserving optical rotation in the vicinity of the allowed magnetic-dipole (M1) transition at 648 nm in atomic bismuth. We obtain R=Im(E1/sub PNC//M1)=(-9.8+or-0.9).10/sup -8/, consistent with earlier measurements carried out in Oxford and Moscow, but not with the result from Novosibirsk} } @article{MeeVetMaj95, author = {Meekhof, D. M. and Vetter, P. A. and Majumder, P. K. and Lamoreaux, S. K. and Fortson, E. N.}, title = {Optical-rotation technique used for a high-precision measurement of parity nonconservation in atomic lead}, journal = {Phys. \ Rev. \ A}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {1895-908}, year = {1995}, abstract={We have measured the parity-nonconserving (PNC) optical rotation near the 1.279- mu m /sup 3/P/sub 0/ to /sup 3/P/sub 1/ magnetic-dipole absorption line in atomic lead vapor. We measure the quantity R identical to Im ( epsilon /sub PNC//M), where M is the magnetic-dipole amplitude of the absorption line and epsilon /sub PNC/ is the electric-dipole amplitude coupled into the same line by the PNC interaction within the lead atom. We find R to be (-9.86+or-0.04+or-0.11)*10/sup -8/, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. The statistical errors are due to incompletely subtracted background fluctuations, and the systematic errors are caused by line-shape uncertainties and calibration error. Our value is consistent with the atomic PNC calculations for lead, which give R=(-10.7+or-0.8)*10/sup -8/ for the standard electroweak model with sin/sup 2/ theta /sub w/=0.23 and no electroweak radiative corrections. Including radiative corrections yields the value S=-3+or-8 for the isospin-conserving electroweak parameter, with difficulties in the atomic theory of lead presently limiting the extent to which our result tests the standard model. This same technique can also be applied to thallium, where the atomic theory is currently accurate to 3%. By searching for a difference in R for the two hyperfine components of /sup 207/Pb, we find the amplitude of the nuclear spin-dependent PNC rotation to be less than 2*10/sup -2/ of the nuclear spin-independent rotation} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Nuclear distributions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{FriBerHei95, author = {Fricke, G. and Bernhardt, C. and Heilig, K. and Schaller, L. A. and Schellenberg, L. and Shera, E. B. and De Jager, C. W.}, title = {Nuclear ground state charge radii from electromagnetic interactions}, journal = {At. Data Nucl. Data Tables}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {177-285}, year = {1995}, abstract={The tables summarize experimental results from muonic atom transition energies, nuclear charge parameters from elastic electron scattering, and K X-ray isotope shifts in so far as they provide information on nuclear ground-state charge radii. Numerous experimental results for optical isotope shifts have been published elsewhere; for eight elements the relevant information is condensed ("projected") here to one optical line per element. A model-independent analysis which combines data from all three experimental methods is applied to these elements and is presented as an illustration of the improved accuracy for the RMS radii and Barrett radii which result from this analysis} } @article{TrzJasLub01, author={A. Trzcinska and J. Jastrzebski and P. Lubinski and F. J. Hartmann and R. Schmidt and T. {von Egidy} and B. Klos }, title={Neutron Density Distributions Deduced from Antiprotonic Atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={87}, number={}, pages={082501-1--4}, year={2001}, abstract={ The differences between neutron and proton density distributions at large nuclear radii in stable nuclei were determined. Two experimental methods were applied: nuclear spectroscopy analysis of the antiproton annihilation residues one mass unit lighter than the target mass and the measurements of strong-interaction effects on antiprotonic x rays. Assuming the validity of two-parameter Fermi neutron and proton distributions at these large radii, the conclusions are that the two experiments are consistent with each other and that for neutron rich nuclei it is mostly the neutron diffuseness which increases and not the half-density radius. The obtained neutron and proton rms radii differences are in agreement with previous results. } } @article{BraGueHak85, author={Brack, M. and Guet, C. and Hakansson, H.-B.}, title={Selfconsistent semiclassical description of average nuclear properties-a link between microscopic and macroscopic models}, journal={Phys.\ Rep.\ }, volume={123}, number={}, pages={275-364}, year={1985}, abstract={The authors present variational semiclassical calculations of average nuclear properties, starting from Skyrme effective nucleon-nucleon interactions. Within the Hartree-Fock (HF) framework, the microscopic justification of the use of the extended Thomas-Fermi (ETF) model and the perturbative treatment of shell effects are briefly reviewed. After a discussion of the ETF functionals for the kinetic energy and spin-orbit densities and of the Euler variational equation, results for average binding energies, densities and radii as well as fission barriers are presented. The close agreement with results of averaged HF calculations and the validity of the perturbative inclusion of shell effects are demonstrated. The semiclassical binding energies are analysed by means of a 'leptodermous' expansion in powers of A/sup -1/3/, and herewith a link between the Skyrme forces and the parameters of the liquid drop model (LDM) and its extensions is given. They discuss in particular the droplet model by Myers and Swiatecki (1966) and possible extensions, coming to the conclusion that the variational ETF formalism with its 8-10 Skyrme force parameters is more powerful than the droplet model in its present form. Finally, the ETF formalism is extended to finite temperatures and excellently confirmed by results of HF calculations for heated nuclei. It is then applied to study the temperature dependence of fission barriers and LDM parameters pertinent to astrophysical applications} } @article{JohSof85, author={Johnson, W. R. and Soff, G.}, title={The Lamb shift in hydrogen-like atoms, 1 7s amplitude in Cs. In the Dirac-Coulomb approximation our result is in a good agreement with other calculations. Breit corrections to the PNC amplitude and to the Stark-induced amplitude $\beta$ are found to be -0.4% and -1% respectively. The weak charge of $^{133}$Cs is $Q_W=-72.5 \pm 0.7$ in agreement with the standard model. } } @article{MilSusTer03Lamb, author={Milstein, A.I. and Sushkov, O.P. and Terekhov, I.S.}, title={Finite nuclear size and {L}amb shift of p-wave atomic states}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={67}, number={6}, pages={62111/1--5}, year={2003}, abstract={We consider corrections to the Lamb shift of the p-wave atomic states due to the finite nuclear size (FNS). In other words, these are radiative corrections to the atomic isotope shift related to the FNS. It is shown that the structure of the corrections is qualitatively different to that for the s-wave states. The perturbation theory expansion for the relative correction for a p/sub 1/2/ state starts with a alpha ln(1/Z alpha ) term, while for the s/sub 1/2/ states it starts with a Z alpha /sup 2/ term. Here, alpha is the fine-structure constant and Z is the nuclear charge. In the present work, we calculate the alpha terms for that 2p states, the result for the 2p/sub 1/2/ state reads (8 alpha /9 pi ){ln[1/(Z alpha )/sup 2/]+0.710}. Even more interesting are the p/sub 3/2/ states. In this case the "correction" is several orders of magnitude larger than the "leading" FNS shift. However, absolute values of energy shifts related to these corrections are very small} } @article{JohBedSof01, author={W. R. Johnson and I. Bednyakov and G. Soff}, title={Vacuum-polarization corrections to the parity-nonconserving 6s-7s transition amplitude in $^{133}${C}s }, journal={ Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={87}, pages={233001}, year={2001}, abstract={ The dominant one-loop radiative corrections to atomic wave functions, those associated with vacuum polarization in the nuclear Coulomb field, are evaluated for the 6s-7s parity-nonconserving (PNC) transition amplitude in 133Cs. These corrections increase the size of the PNC amplitude by 0.4% and, correspondingly, increase the difference between the experimental value of the weak charge Q_W(133Cs) and the value predicted by the standard model. }, annote={e-print: hep-ph/0110262 } } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % isotopic chains @article{DzuFlaKhr86, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Flambaum, V. V. and Khriplovich, I. B.}, title={Enhancement of {P}-- and {T}--nonconserving effects in rare-earth atoms}, journal={Z. Phys. D }, volume={1}, number={}, pages={243-5}, year={1986}, abstract={Small intervals between atomic levels of opposite parity in rare-earth atoms cause the enhancement of P- and T-nonconserving effects. It is of interest for the determination of the electroweak mixing parameter sin/sup 2/ theta , and for study of anapole (P-odd) and magnetic quadrupole (P- and T-odd) nuclear moments} } @article{PetRav96, author={Pethick, C. J. and Ravenhall, D. G.}, title={The dependence of neutron skin thickness and surface tension on neutron excess}, journal={Nucl. Phys. A}, volume={A606}, number={}, pages={173-82}, year={1996}, abstract={We show that, as a consequence of the requirement that nucleons in the bulk and in the surface of a nucleus be treated in a thermodynamically consistent way, the neutron skin thickness in neutron rich nuclei is simply related to the dependence of the surface tension on neutron excess. This relationship thus provides constraints on physically acceptable microscopic interactions and mass formulae for neutron rich nuclei, whose properties are of interest in both laboratory and cosmic situations} } %%%%%%%%%%%%% Anapole moment @unpublished{HaxWie01, author = {W. C. Haxton and C. E. Wieman}, title = {Atomic Parity Nonconservation and Nuclear Anapole Moments}, journal = {}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, year = {2001}, note={e-print: nucl-th/0104026} } @article{PorKoz01, author = {Porsev, S.G. and Kozlov, M.G.}, title = {Calculation of the nuclear spin-dependent parity-nonconserving amplitude for the (7s,F=4) to (7s,F=5) transition in Fr}, journal= {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {64}, pages = {064101}, year = {2001}, abstract={Many-body calculation of nuclear spin-dependent parity-nonconserving amplitude for 7s,F=4 to 7s,F=5 transition between hyperfine sublevels of the ground state of /sup 211/Fr is carried out. The final result is <7s,F=5||d/sub PNC/||7s,F=4>=-0.49*10/sup -10/ i kappa a.u., where kappa is the dimensionless coupling constant. This is approximately an order of magnitude larger than similar amplitude in Cs. The dominant contribution to kappa is associated with the anapole moment of the nucleus}, note={(e-print:physics/0107016)} } @article{KozPorJoh01, author = {M G Kozlov and S G Porsev and W R Johnson}, title = {Parity non-conservation in thallium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {052107}, year = {2001}, abstract={We report a new calculation of the parity non-conserving $E1$ amplitude for the $6p_{1/2} \rtw 6p_{3/2}$ transition in $^{205}$Tl. Our result for the reduced matrix element is $E1_{\rm PNC}=-(66.7\pm 1.7)\,\cdot {\rm i} \,10^{-11}(-Q_W/N)$~a.u.. Comparison with the experiment of Vetter \etal [Phys.\ Rev.\ Letts.\ \textbf{74}, 2658 (1995)] gives the following result for the weak charge of $^{205}$Tl: $Q_W/Q_W^{\rm SM} = 0.97\, (\pm 0.01)_{\rm expt}\, (\pm 0.03)_{\rm theor}$, where $Q_W^{\rm SM}=-116.7\pm 0.1$ is the standard model prediction. This result confirms an earlier conclusion based on the analysis of a Cs experiment that atomic PNC experiments are in agreement with the standard model} } @article{PorKozRak01, author = {Porsev, S. G. and Kozlov, M. G. and Rakhlina, Yu. G. and Derevianko, A.}, title = {Many-body calculations of electric-dipole amplitudes for transitions between low-lying levels of Mg, Ca, and Sr}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {012508/1--7}, year = {2001}, abstract={To support efforts on cooling and trapping of alkaline-earth-metal atoms and designs of atomic clocks, we performed ab initio relativistic many-body calculations of electric-dipole transition amplitudes between low-lying states of Mg, Ca, and Sr. In particular, we report amplitudes for /sup 1/P/sub 1//sup o/ to /sup 1/S/sub 0/,/sup 3/S/sub 1/,/sup 1/D/sub 2/, for /sup 3/P/sub 1//sup o/ to /sup 1/S/sub 0/,/sup 1/D/sub 2/, and for /sup 3/P/sub 2//sup o/ to /sup 1/D/sub 2/ transitions. For Ca, the reduced matrix element <4s4p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup o/||D||4s/sup 21/S/sub 0/> is in good agreement with a high-precision experimental value deduced from photoassociation spectroscopy [Zinner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2292 (2000)]. An estimated uncertainty of the calculated lifetime of the 3s3p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup o/ state of Mg is a factor of 3 smaller than that of the most accurate experiment. Calculated binding energies reproduce experimental values within 0.1-0.2%} } @article{PorKozRak00Z, author = {Porsev, S. G. and Kozlov, M. G. and Rakhlina, Yu. G.}, title = {High-precision calculations of the /sup 3,1/P/sup 0//sub 1/ to /sup 1/S/sub 0/ E1 amplitudes for magnesium, calcium, and strontium}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.}, volume = {72}, number = {}, pages = {862-6}, year = {2000}, abstract={High-precision calculations of the /sup 3,1/P/sub 1//sup 0/(nsnp) to /sup 1/S/sub 0/(ns/sup 2/) E1 amplitudes were carried out for magnesium, calcium, and strontium (n=3,4, and 5, respectively). The following results were obtained for the reduced matrix element (/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup 0/||d||/sup 1/S/sub 0/) of electric dipole moment operator: 4.03(2) an for Mg, 4.91(7) Au for Ca, and 5.28(9) Au for Sr. These matrix elements are necessary for calculating the van der Waals coefficients C/sub 6/, which are used in evaluating the atomic scattering lengths. The latter determine the dynamics and stability of the Bose-Einstein condensate}, note={[JETP \ Lett. {\bf 72} 595, (2000)]} } @article{KozPorTup01, author = {Kozlov, M. G. and Porsev, S. G. and Tupitsyn, I. I.}, title = {High-accuracy calculation of 6s to 7s parity-nonconserving amplitude in Cs}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {3260-3}, year = {2001}, abstract={We calculated the parity-nonconserving (PNC)6s to 7s amplitude in Cs. In the Dirac-Coulomb approximation our result is in good agreement with other calculations. Breit corrections to the PNC amplitude and to the Stark-induced amplitude beta are found to be -0.4% and -1%, respectively. The weak charge of /sup 133/Cs is Q/sub W/=-72.5+or-0.7 in agreement with the standard model} } @article{PorKozRak00H, author = {Porsev, S. G. and Kozlov, M. G. and Rakhlina, Yu. G.}, title = {Manifestation of nuclear spin-dependent P-odd electron-nucleon interaction in atomic ytterbium}, journal = {Hyperfine Int.}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {395-8}, year = {2000}, abstract={P-odd effects caused by the nuclear spin-dependent electron-nucleon interaction are considered. P-odd amplitudes are calculated for /sup 1/S/sub 0/ to /sup 3/D/sub 1,2/ transitions in atomic ytterbium} } @article{KozPor99O, author = {Kozlov, M. G. and Porsev, S. G.}, title = {Effective Hamiltonian for valence electrons of an atom}, journal = {Opt. Spectrosk.}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {384-9}, year = {1999}, abstract={Variants of the construction of the effective Hamiltonian for valence electrons of an atom are discussed. It is shown that a proper choice of the optimum initial approximation can substantially improve the agreement between calculated and experimental spectra of multielectron atoms. The optimized effective Hamiltonian can be used for calculations of atomic quantities}, note={[Opt. \ Spectrosc. {\bf 87} 352, (1999)]} } @article{PorRakKoz99P, author = {Porsev, S. G. and Rakhlina, Yu. G. and Kozlov, M. G.}, title = {Electric-dipole amplitudes, lifetimes, and polarizabilities of the low-lying levels of atomic ytterbium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {2781-5}, year = {1999}, abstract={The results of ab initio calculations of electric-dipole amplitudes, lifetimes, and polarizabilities for several low-lying levels of ytterbium are reported. The effective Hamiltonian for two valence electrons H/sub eff/ was constructed by means of the many-body perturbation theory and solutions of the two-electron equation H/sub eff/ Phi /sub n/=E/sub n/ Phi /sub n/ were found} } @article{PorRakKoz99J, author = {Porsev, S. G. and Rakhlina, Yu. G. and Kozlov, M. G.}, title = {Calculation of hyperfine structure constants for ytterbium}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {32}, number = {}, pages = {1113-20}, year = {1999}, abstract={We calculate energies and hyperfine structure constants A and B for low-lying levels of /sup 173/Yb. The latter is treated as a two-electron atom. To account for valence-valence correlations the configuration interaction method is used. Valence-core correlations are accounted for within the many-body perturbation theory which is used to construct effective two-electron operators in the valence space} } @article{KozPor99E, author = {Kozlov, M. G. and Porsev, S. G.}, title = {Polarizabilities and hyperfine structure constants of the low-lying levels of barium}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {59-63}, year = {1999}, abstract={The results of ab initio calculation of energies, hyperfine structure constants and static polarizabilities for several low-lying levels of barium are reported. The effective Hamiltonian for the valence electrons H/sub eff/ has been constructed in the frame of CI+MBPT method and solutions of many electron equation H/sub eff/ Phi /sub n/=E/sub n/ Phi /sub n/ were found. Using the wave functions obtained the hyperfine structure constants and static polarizabilities were calculated} } @article{DzuKozPor98, author={Dzuba, V. A. and Kozlov, M. G. and Porsev, S. G. and Flambaum, V. V.}, title={Using effective operators in calculating the hyperfine structure of atoms}, journal = {Zh. \ Eksp. \ Teor. \ Fiz.}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {1636-45}, year = {1998}, abstract={We propose a method for calculating the hyperfine structure (hfs) of multielectron atoms based on a combination of configuration superposition and many-body perturbation theory. The latter is used to construct an effective Hamiltonian and an effective hfs operator in configurational space. The method can be applied in calculations of the matrix elements of any one-electron operators. By way of an example we calculate the magnetic hfs constant A for several lowest levels of neutral thallium. We show that the method achieves a calculation accuracy of about 1%, which earlier was possible only for atoms with a single valence electron}, note={[Sov. \ Phys.--JETP {\bf 84} 461, (1997)]} } @article{Por97, author = {Porsev, S. G.}, title = {Calculation of lifetimes of low-lying odd-parity levels of Sm}, journal = {Phys. \ Rev. \ A}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {3535-42}, year = {1997}, abstract={Ab initio calculations of E1 transition amplitudes from low-lying odd-parity levels /sup 9/G/sub J/ (J=0-4) and /sup 9/F/sub J/ (J=1, 2) levels to the even-parity states /sup 7/F/sub J/ (J=0-5), /sup 9/H/sub J/ (J=1-5), and /sup 9/D/sub J/ (J=2, 3) were performed using the configuration interaction method. Using the results obtained for these E1 amplitudes, the oscillator strengths and probabilities of the corresponding transitions were calculated. The estimates of the lifetimes of the odd-parity states are also presented} } @article{KozPorFla96, author = {Kozlov, M.G. and Porsev, S.G. and Flambaum, V.V.}, title = {Manifestation of the nuclear anapole moment in the M1 transitions in bismuth}, journal = {J. \ Phys. \ B}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {689-97}, year = {1996}, abstract={Results of the ab initio calculation of the parity non-conserving optical rotation caused by the weak charge and the anapole moment of the nucleus are given for the 876 nm and 648 nm transitions in atomic bismuth} } @article{PorRakKoz95, author = "Porsev, S. G. and {Yu. G. Rakhlina} and Kozlov, M. G.", title = {Parity violation in atomic ytterbium}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. \ Eksp. \ Teor. \ Fiz.}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {449-53}, year = {1995}, abstract={The P-odd impurity amplitude E1/sub PNC/=-(1.15+or-0.25)*10/sup -9/i mod e mod a/sub 0/(-Q/sub w//N) (a/sub 0/ is the first Bohr radius, Q/sub w/ is the weak nuclear charge, and N is the number of neutrons) is calculated for the forbidden M1 transition 3D/sub 1/ to /sup 1/S/sub 0/ in ytterbium. The result confirms that parity-nonconservation effects are stronger in ytterbium than in cesium or thallium. The Stark amplitude beta =-(138+or-30)a/sub 0//sup 3/, required for interpreting experiments searching for P violation is also calculated}, note={[JETP \ Lett. {\bf 61} 459, (1995)]} } @article{MikPor94, author = {Mikhailov, A. I. and Porsev, S. G.}, title = {Calculation of the first Coulomb correction to the process of double ionization of an atomic K-shell in the annihilation of a positron with a bound electron}, journal = {Zh. \ Eksp. \ Teor. \ Fiz.}, volume = {105}, number = {}, pages = {828-33}, year = {1994}, abstract={The authors study radiationless positron annihilation on an atom accompanied by double ionization of the atomic K-shell. They calculate the angular distribution of the ejected electrons and the total cross section, taking into account the first Coulomb correction. For heavy atoms and at relativistic energies, the total cross section is shown to be of the order of 10/sup -29/ cm/sup 2/}, note={[Sov. \ Phys.--JETP {\bf 105} 441, (1994)]} } @article{Por94, author = {Porsev, S. G.}, title = {Quadrupole toroidal moment of positronium}, journal = {Phys. \ Rev. \ A}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {5105-7}, year = {1994}, abstract={The possibility for a self-conjugate system such as positronium to have a T-odd, P-even quadrupole toroidal moment is discussed. It is shown that the positronium quadrupole toroidal moment is different from zero if we assume that the T-odd, P-even electron-positron interaction is mediated by a light axial boson with mass mu ( mu >APX=/2 2*10/sup -15/) using laser cooled and trapped atoms. Applying a pulsed excitation scheme to the trapped ensemble, the Ramsey signals are nearly undisturbed by the relativistic Doppler effect and phase errors of the Ramsey zones. The detection is based on the quantum amplification due to the electron shelving effect in cooperation with the trap dynamics, monitored as decrease of the trap fluorescence induced by the fast trapping transition. Simultaneously recorded Ramsey interferences on a thermal atomic beam allowed a direct measurement of the second order Doppler shift. The relevance of the experiment to future optical frequency standards achieving a stability and an accuracy of better than 10/sup -15/ as well as applications of this system for atom interferometry are discussed} } % Mg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{MacJulSuo00, author={M. Machholm and P. S. Julienne and K.-A. Suominen}, title={Collisions of cold magnesium atoms in a weak laser field}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={59}, pages={R4113-6}, year={2000} } @article{BinWilSte01, author={T. Binnewies and G. Wilpers and U. Sterr and F. Riehle and J. Helmcke and T. E. Mehlstäubler and E. M. Rasel and W. Ertmer }, title={Doppler Cooling and Trapping on Forbidden Transitions}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume={87}, number={}, pages={123002}, year={2001}, abstract={Ultracold atoms at temperatures close to the recoil limit have been achieved by extending Doppler cooling to forbidden transitions. A cloud of 40Ca atoms has been cooled and trapped to a temperature as low as 6 mkK by operating a magnetooptical trap on the spin-forbidden intercombination transition. Quenching the long-lived excited state with an additional laser enhanced the scattering rate by a factor of 15, while a high selectivity in velocity was preserved. With this method, more than 10% of precooled atoms from a standard magnetooptical trap have been transferred to the ultracold trap. Monte Carlo simulations of the cooling process are in good agreement with the experiments. } } @article{GruQueElm00, author={Grunert, J. and Quehl, G. and Elman, V. and Hemmerich, A.}, title={Ultracold metastable calcium ensembles, a medium for matter wave amplification?}, journal={J. Mod. Opt.}, volume={47}, number={14-15}, pages={2733-40}, year={2000}, abstract={We propose an experimental implementation of matter wave amplification by optical pumping with metastable calcium atoms. First experimental results indicate that pumping rates can be significantly higher than in previous experimental schemes so that it appears promising that the threshold condition for the generation of degeneracy can be reached} } @article{GruHem01, author={Grunert, J. and Hemmerich, A.}, title={Optimizing the production of metastable calcium atoms in a magneto-optical trap}, journal={Appl. Phys. B}, volume={73}, number={}, pages={815--818}, year={2001}, abstract={} } % Sr %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @CONFERENCE{KatIdoIso00, author = {H. Katori and T. Ido and {Yo.} Isoya and M. Kuwata-Gonokami}, year = 2001, title = {Laser cooling of strontium atoms toward quantum degeneracy}, booktitle = {Atomic Physics}, volume= 17, Editors = { E. Arimondo, P. DeNatale, and M. Inguscio}, Publisher={American Institute of Physics} } %H. Katori, T. Ido, Y. Isoya, and M. K-Gonokami, %{\it in Atomic Physics 17,} %edited by E. Arimondo, P. DeNatale, and M. Inguscio %(American Institute of Physics, 2001) @article{IdoIsoKat00, author={Ido, T. and Isoya, {Yo.} and Katori, H.}, title={Optical-dipole trapping of {Sr} atoms at a high phase-space density}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={61}, number={6}, pages={061403/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={Employing a far-off resonance optical-dipole trap (FORT), we attained a phase-space density exceeding 0.1, or an order to quantum degeneracy. Strontium atoms were magneto-optically cooled and trapped using the spin-forbidden /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition and then compressed into a FORT that was designed to allow simultaneous Doppler cooling. We discussed that the phase-space density was finally limited by the light-assisted collisions occurring in the optical cooling} } @article{KatIdoIso99, author={Katori, H. and Ido, T. and Isoya, {Yo.} and Kuwata-Gonokami, M.}, title={Magneto-optical trapping and cooling of strontium atoms down to the photon recoil temperature}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, volume={82}, number={6}, pages={1116-19}, year={1999}, abstract={We report narrow-line laser cooling and trapping of strontium atoms down to the photon recoil temperature. /sup 88/Sr atoms precooled by the broad /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 1/P/sub 1/ transition at 461 nm were further cooled in a magneto-optical trap using the spin-forbidden transition /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ at 689 nm. We have thus obtained an atomic sample with a density over 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ and a minimum temperature of 400 nK, corresponding to a maximum phase space density of 10/sup -2/ which is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the value that has been obtained by magneto-optical traps to date. This scheme provides us an opportunity and system to study quantum statistical properties of degenerate fermions as well as bosons} } @article{DinVogHal99, author={Dinneen, T. P. and Vogel, K. R. and Hall, J. L. and Gallagher, A.}, title={Cold collisions of {Sr$^*$-Sr} in a magneto-optical trap}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={59}, number={2}, pages={1216-22}, year={1999}, abstract={We present measurements of cold collision processes in an alkaline-earth species. Collisions of /sup 88/Sr pairs in a magneto-optic trap are found to be dominated by very-long-range excitation to the nonradiating /sup 1/ Pi /sub g/ state of Sr/sub 2/*. We find good agreement between measured loss rate coefficients and a modified form of the semiclassical model that includes retardation effects that allow excitation to metastable molecular states} } % Yb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @article{TakMakKom03, author ={Takasu, Y. and Maki, K. and Komori, K. and Takano, T. and Honda, K. and Kumakura, M. and Yabuzaki, T. and Takahashi, Y.}, title ={Spin-singlet Bose-Einstein condensation of two-electron atoms}, journal={Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume ={91}, pages ={040404}, year ={2003}, abstract={We report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensation of ytterbium atoms by evaporative cooling in a novel crossed optical trap. Unlike the previously observed condensates, a ytterbium condensate is a two-electron system in a singlet state and has distinct features such as the extremely narrow intercombination transitions which are ideal for future optical frequency standard and the insensitivity to external magnetic field which is important for precision coherent atom optics, and the existence of the novel metastable triplet states generated by optical excitation from the singlet state} } @article{KuwHonTak99, author={Kuwamoto, T. and Honda, K. and Takahashi, Y. and Yabuzaki, T.}, title={Magneto-optical trapping of {Yb} atoms using an intercombination transition}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={60}, number={2}, pages={R745-8}, year={1999}, abstract={We report the magneto-optical trapping of ytterbium atoms using the 6s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/-6s6p /sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition. The magneto-optical trap is continuously loaded from an atomic beam decelerated by a Zeeman-tuned atomic-beam slower operated at the 6s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/-6s6p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ transition. Among seven stable isotopes of ytterbium, six isotopes of /sup 170/Yb, /sup 171/Yb, /sup 172/Yb, /sup 173/Yb, /sup 174/Yb, and /sup 176/Yb are successfully trapped. The number and density of the trapped atoms are about 10/sup 8/ and 10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/, respectively. The temperature of atoms is estimated to be about 20 mu K from the time-of-flight measurement. The decay time of the trapped atoms after stopping the loading of atoms is about 3 s} } @article{HonTakKuw99, author={Honda, K. and Takahashi, Y. and Kuwamoto, T. and Fujimoto, M. and Toyoda, K. and Ishikawa, K. and Yabuzaki, T.}, title={Magneto-optical trapping of {Yb} atoms and a limit on the branching ratio of the $\,^1\!{P}_1$ state}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={59}, number={2}, pages={R934-7}, year={1999}, abstract={We have succeeded in magneto-optical trapping of Yb atoms decelerated by a Zeeman slower method. The number of the trapped atoms is more than about 1.3*10/sup 6/ measured by light absorption. We have found the evidence of the branching from the /sup 1/P/sub 1/ excited state to triplet states, and determined the lower limit on the branching ratio to be 1.2*10/sup -7/} } @article{LofBocMos00, author={Loftus, T. and Bochinski, J. R. and Mossberg, T. W.}, title={Probing magneto-optic trap dynamics through weak excitation of a coupled narrow-linewidth transition}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={61}, number={6}, pages={061401/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={Alkaline-earth-like atoms possess singlet and triplet manifolds coupled through the ground state. The weak and hence narrow linewidth intercombination transition can provide a powerful probe of singlet-singlet magneto-optic trap (MOT) dynamics. We demonstrate in situ probing of an ytterbium MOT and discuss how cloud position, size, and temperature can be determined} } @article{LofBicShi00, author={Loftus, T. and Bichinski, J. R. and Shivitz, R. and Mossberg, T. W.}, title={Power-dependent loss from an ytterbium magneto-optic trap}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={61}, number={5}, pages={051401/1-4}, year={2000}, abstract={Radiative decay of excited /sup 1/P/sub 1/ states to metastables is expected to limit attainable lifetimes in magneto-optic traps (MOTs) containing alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms. We present measurements of power-dependent loss from a (6s/sup 2/)/sup 1/S/sub 0/-(6s6p)/sup 1/P/sub 1/ ytterbium MOT, show that the observed power dependence is consistent with radiative decay from the (6s6p)/sup 1/P/sub 1/ excited state leading to population of lower-lying metastable states, and determine the (6s6p)/sup 1/P/sub 1/-to-metastable state decay rate. With weak excitation of the (6s/sup 2/)/sup 1/S/sub 0/-(6s6p)/sup 1/P/sub 1/ trapping transition, MOT lifetimes approaching 800 ms are observed} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MISC %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%55 @article{1956095, author={Mathur, M. S. and Kelly, F. M.}, title={Hanle effect of the 5p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup 0/ level of calcium and its density dependence}, journal={Canadian Journal of Physics}, volume={60}, number={9}, pages={1237-40}, year={1982}, abstract={The Hanle width and hence the lifetime of the 5p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup 0/ level of neutral calcium has been measured over a wide range of densities. The natural lifetime of the 5p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup 0/ level is 20.07 ns. The depolarization cross section for collision with the ground level neutral atoms has been measured and sigma /sup 2/(//)=39*10/sup -12/ cm/sup 2/} } @article{1631077, author={Mathur, M. S. and Kelly, F. M.}, title={Comparison of the density dependence of the Hanle effect in the resonance line of atomic barium and magnesium}, journal={Journal of Physical Chemistry}, volume={84}, number={14}, pages={1783-5}, year={1980}, abstract={Changes in the angular distribution of resonance radiation scattered from a coherent superposition of Zeeman levels, which have been populated by optical excitation, and which become degenerate when an applied magnetic field is swept through zero (Hanle effect), are a convenient method of studying the lifetimes of excited atomic energy levels and the variation of the lifetimes with density of the scattering atoms. When the number density of the scattering atoms is high, information concerning collision parameters can be obtained. The low density area, on the other hand, can yield the natural lifetime of the excited level. The changes in the Hanle effect of the singlet resonance line of neutral barium and magnesium over a wide range of density have been studied and the results have been used to determine the depolarization cross section for collision with the ground level neutral atoms and with the metastable /sup 1/D/sub 2/ level} } @article{1574604, author={Kelly, F. M. and Mathur, M. S.}, title={Density dependence of the Hanle effect of the 4s4p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ level of neutral calcium}, journal={Canadian Journal of Physics}, volume={58}, number={7}, pages={1004-9}, year={1980}, abstract={The Hanle effect in the 4s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/-4s4p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ in Ca I has been observed over a wide range of densities. The low density observations determine the lifetime of the /sup 1/P/sub 1/ level to be 4.49 ns. Collision parameters are obtained from observations in the high density region} } @article{1388516, author={Kelly, F. M. and Mathur, M. S.}, title={Density dependence of the Hanle effect of the 3s4p/sup 1/P/sub 1//sup 0/ level of neutral magnesium}, journal={Canadian Journal of Physics}, volume={57}, number={6}, pages={838-40}, year={1979}, abstract={The Hanle effects in the 3s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/-3s4p/sup 1/P/sub 1/ (2026 AA) transition of MgI has been studied over a range of densities. The low density observations lead to an accurate lifetime measurement of the 4p/sup 1/P/sub 1/ excited level. Related oscillator strengths are calculated} } @article{1376448, author={Kelly, F. M. and Mathur, M. S.}, title={Lifetime of the 5p/sup 2/ /sup 1/D/sub 2/ level of neutral strontium}, journal={Canadian Journal of Physics}, volume={57}, number={5}, pages={657-8}, year={1979}, abstract={The lifetime of the 5p/sup 2/ /sup 1/D/sub 2/ level of the neutral strontium has been determined to be 9.530.10 ns by a Hanle effect experiment using excitation by the line at 6550 AA from the 5s5p /sup 1/P/sub 1/ excited level of neutral strontium. No dependency of the lifetime on the density of neutral atoms was detected} } %A. Derevianko Sunday, April 10, 2005 % Collection of references on ultracold atom physics @article{TieVerSto93, author = {E. Tiesinga and B. J. Verhaar and H. T. C. Stoof}, title = {Threshold and resonance phenomena in ultracold ground-state collisions}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {1993}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {4114-4122}, abstract={}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v47/p4114}, annote={Famous paper (100++ citations) on the Feshbach resonances in the cold collisions} } @article{Kle04, author = {D. Kleppner}, title = {Reference Frame: Professor {F}eshbach and his resonance }, year = {2004}, journal = {Physics Today}, volume = {57}, number = {8}, pages = {12}, abstract={}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v47/p4114}, annote={} } @article{McC93, author = {J. J. McClelland and R. E. Scholten and E. C. Palm and R. J. Celotta}, title = {Laser-focussed atomic deposition}, year = {1993}, journal = {Science}, volume = {262}, number = {}, pages = {877-880}, abstract={}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v47/p4114}, annote={atom lithography} } % 5/22/2005 added some refs. on polarizabilities % Aug. 1, 2003 % Apr 7, 2003 % May 6, 2002 % May 1st, 2002 % Aug 18, 2001 % June 29, 2001 % Modified on Oct. 31 % Andrei Derevianko andrei\physics.unr.edu % Compilation of refs on van der Waals coefficients and related % papers on static dipole polarizabilities and photoassociation % spectroscopy @article{AmiGou03, author = {Jason M. Amini and Harvey Gould}, collaboration = {}, title = {High Precision Measurement of the Static Dipole Polarizability of Cesium}, Xpublisher = {APS}, year = {2003}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {91}, number = {15}, Xeid = {153001}, numpages = {4}, pages = {153001}, keywords = {caesium; polarisability; radiation pressure; cooling}, Xurl = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v91/e153001} } @article{MolSchMil74, author ={R. W. Molof and H. J. Schwartz and T. M. Miller and Benjamin Bederson }, title ={Measurements of electric dipole polarizabilities of the alkali-metal atoms and the metastable noble-gas atoms}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={10}, pages ={1131–-1140}, year ={1974}, abstract={The E-H-gradient balance technique has been used to measure the static electric dipole polarizabilities of the alkali-metal atoms and the tensor polarizabilities of the 3P2 metastable noble-gas atoms. All of the measurements are normalized to the scalar polarizability of 3S1 metastable helium, a value which has been accurately calculated. The scalar polarizabilities of the alkali atoms, in units of 10-24 cm3, are for lithium, 24.3 ± 0.5; sodium, 23.6 ± 0.5; potassium, 43.4 ± 0.9; rubidium, 47.3 ± 0.9; cesium, 59.6 ± 1.2. For the 3P2 metastable noble-gas atoms we measure the zz components of the polarizability tensors for mJ=1 and 2, which completely determines the polarizability tensors for all mJ. For alpha zz(mJ) we find, in units of 10-24 cm3, for neon, 28.4 ± 0.6 (mJ=1) and 26.7 ± 0.5 (mJ=2); argon, 49.5 ± 1.0 (mJ=1) and 44.7 ± 0.9 (mJ=2); krypton, 52.7 ± 1.0 (mJ=1) and 46.8 ± 0.9 (mJ=2); xenon, 66.6 ± 1.3 (mJ=1) and 57.4 ± 1.1 (mJ=2). The rare-gas results, while more precise, are in good agreement with earlier work. The alkali-metal results are in excellent agreement with recent theory and the experiment of Hall and Zorn.} } @article{HalZor74, author ={William D. Hall and Jens C. Zorn }, title ={Measurement of alkali-metal polarizabilities by deflection of a velocity-selected atomic beam }, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume ={10}, pages ={1141–1144 }, year ={1974}, abstract={The electric dipole polarizability of the alkali-metal atoms Na, K, Rb, and Cs are determined by measuring the deflection of a velocity-selected beam by an inhomogeneous electric field. It is shown experimentally that scattering of slower beam atoms by background gas in the apparatus is an important systematic error in measurements of this kind if a beam-velocity selector is not used, and that this scattering is responsible for the discrepancies between different, earlier beam-deflection measurements of polarizability. The polarizability values obtained in this work are alpha (Na)=24.4±1.7 Å3, alpha (K)=45.2±3.2 Å3, alpha (Rb)=48.7±3.4 Å3, and alpha (Cs)=63.3±4.6 Å3. } } @book{ Arr81, Author={Paolo Arrighini}, Title= {Intermolecular Forces and Their Evaluation by Perturbation Theory}, year = {1981}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Berlin Heidelberg}, annote = {} } @article{AmiDul02, author ={Amiot, C. and Dulieu, O.}, title ={The Cs/sub 2/ ground electronic state by Fourier transform spectroscopy: Dispersion coefficients}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume ={117}, pages ={5155}, year ={2002}, abstract={This study presents the derivation of an accurate potential energy curve for the ground electronic state of the Cs_2 molecule. High resolution laser induced emission spectra data involving vibrational levels of the ground X ^1Sigma_g^+ state up to v"=135 (16 900 wave numbers) have been determined. The ground state potential energy curve is constructed by combining the inverted perturbation approach for internuclear distances up to 11 Angstrem, with an analytical expression for longer internuclear distances. This potential curve allows an improved derivation of the dissociation energy and of the Coulombic parameters governing the Cs(6s)+Cs(6s) interaction in the electronic ground state, compared with values derived either by calculations or by recent photoassociative spectroscopy measurements. The main constants are C_6= 6836(+-100)a.u. =32.945 (+-0.49)*10^6 cm^-1 A^6, and D_e =3649.88 (+-0.45) cm^-1} } @article{FioComDra99, author={Fioretti, A. and Comparat, D. and Drag, C. and Amiot, C. and Dulieu, O. and Masnou-Seeuws, F. and Pillet, P.}, title={Photoassociative spectroscopy of the Cs/sub 2/ 0/sub g//sup -/ long-range state}, journal={Eur. Phys. J. D}, volume={5}, number={3}, pages={389-403}, year={1999}, abstract={The photoassociative spectroscopy of the Cs/sub 2/ 0/sub g//sup -/ long-range molecular state dissociating into the 6s/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/?? 2/P/sub 3/2/ asymptote is performed, using cold cesium atoms in a vapor-cell magneto-optical trap (MOT). Vibrational levels from v=0 to v=132 are identified, and their rotational structure is well resolved up J=8 for levels below v=74. These data are analyzed in terms of the Rydberg-Klein-Rees (RKR) procedure, and correspond to 99.6% of an effective potential curve with a minimum at 12.360.05 AA and a 77.940.01 cm/sup -1/ depth. Both ab initio calculations and simple model estimations predict a double-well structure for this potential curve, which cannot be reproduced presently by the RKR approach but which is confirmed by the presence of giant structures in the spectrum. The 1/sub u/(6s/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/?? 2/P/sub 3/2/) long-range state is also observed for the first time in Cs/sub 2/} } @article{EksSchCha95, author={Ekstrom, C. R. and Schmiedmayer, J. and Chapman, M. S. and Hammond, T. D. and Pritchard, D. E.}, title={Measurement of the electric polarizability of sodium with an atom interferometer}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={51}, number={5}, pages={3883-8}, year={1995}, abstract={We have constructed an atom interferometer with interfering beams that are physically isolated by a metal foil. By applying an interaction to one of the two interfering beams, we can measure ground-state energy shifts with a spectroscopic precision of 6.6*10/sup -14/ eV/ square root (min), or 16 Hz/ square root (min). Applying an electric field to one beam of the interferometer, we have measured the phase shift induced from the quadratic Stark effect. By analyzing these phase shifts, we have determined the ground-state polarizability of sodium, with much improved accuracy, to be 24.11(6)/sub statistical/(6)/sub systematic/*10 /sup -24/ cm/sup 3/} } @article{ZhoNor89, author={Zhou, H. L. and Norcross, D. W.}, title={Improved calculation of the quadratic Stark effect in the 6P/sub 3/2/ state of Cs}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={40}, number={9}, pages={5048-51}, year={1989}, abstract={Calculations of the Stark scalar and tensor polarizabilities alpha /sub 0/ and alpha /sub 2/ for the 6P/sub 3/2/ state in cesium are reported, along with values of alpha /sub 0/ for the 6S/sub 1/2/, 7S/sub 1/2/, and 6P/sub 1/2/ states. The results are in very good agreement with the latest measurements. The authors also used their method to calculate the Stark amplitude coefficients for the 6S/sub 1/2/-7S/sub 1/2/ transition and the results are compared with those of previous theoretical and experimental work} } @article{WeiBagZil99, author = {J. Weiner and V. S. Bagnato and S. Zilio and P. S. Julienne}, title={Experiments and theory in cold and ultracold collisions}, journal = {Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.}, volume={71}, number={1}, pages={1-85}, year={1999}, abstract={{The authors review progress in understanding the nature of atomic collisions occurring at temperatures ranging from the millidegrees Kelvin to the nanodegrees Kelvin regime. The review includes advances in experiments with atom beams light traps and purely magnetic traps. Semiclassical and fully quantal theories are described and their appropriate applicability assessed. The review divides the subject into two principal categories: collisions in the presence of one or more light fields and ground-state collisions in the dark}}, } @article{StwWan99, author={Stwalley, W. C. and Wang, H.}, title={Photoassociation of ultracold atoms: a new spectroscopic technique}, journal={J. Mol.\ Spect. }, volume={195}, number={2}, pages={194-228}, year={1999}, abstract={The new spectroscopic technique of photoassociation of ultracold atoms is reviewed, with an emphasis on connecting this area to traditional bound-state molecular spectroscopy. In particular, in contrast to photoassociative spectra at thermal energies, which are broad and of low information content, photoassociative spectra of ultracold atoms are high resolution, permitting observation of small vibrational and rotational spacings of long-range molecular levels near dissociation (typically with outer classical turning points >20 AA). The types of detection and theoretical analysis employed are illustrated, primarily using the example of /sup 39/K/sub 2/. Future directions and applications of this field (e.g., to ultracold molecular formation) are also discussed} } @article{SmiChi65, author = {B. M. Smirnov and M. I. Chibisov}, title = {}, journal = {Zh.\ Eksp.\ Teor.\ Fiz. }, volume = {48}, pages = {939}, year = {1965}, note = {[Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP {\bf 21}, 624 (1965)]}, annote = {Assymtotic formula for the exchange in alkalis } } @article{DumSmi70, author={Duman, E. L. and Smirnov, B. M.}, title={Exchange interaction of multi-electron atoms}, journal={Optika i Spektroskopiya}, volume={29}, number={3}, pages={425-34}, year={1970}, abstract={The energy of exchange interaction of atoms with similar ionization potentials has been calculated for large interatomic distances. The result obtained is used to construct the intermolecular interaction potential of inert gas atoms. This potential is used to calculate the basic characteristics of inert gas crystals (sublimation energy, distance between nearest atoms, Debye temperature) and also the coefficients of self-diffusion of inert gas atoms and the elastic scattering cross-sections of these atoms}, annote={The error in ang coeff discussed in KleTanToe95 } } @article{KleTanToe95, author={Kleinekathofer, U. and Tang, K. T. and Toennies, J. P. and Yiu, C. L.}, title={Angular momentum coupling in the exchange energy of multielectron systems}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={103}, number={15}, pages={6617-30}, year={1995}, abstract={The exchange energy between two multielectron atomic systems is shown to be a product of an angular momentum factor and the energy of the triplet-singlet splitting of a single pair of electrons. The angular momentum factor accounts for the coupling of the angular momentum of the valence electrons and was first given by Duman and Smirnov (Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 29, 229 (1970)). Here it is rederived and in the cases of interactions between hydrogen, rare gas, alkali and alkaline earth atomic systems the new corrected expressions are shown to reduce to a simple physical model. The angular momentum factors are listed for all these interacting systems. The important factors in the analytic expression for the distance dependent asymptotic exchange energies are also given for all the homonuclear alkali, alkaline earth, and rare gas dimers} } @article{Smi66, author={B. M. Smirnov}, title={}, journal={Zh.\ Eksp.\ Teor.\ Fiz.}, volume={51}, number={}, pages={466}, year={1966}, abstract={}, note={[Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP {\bf 24}, 314 (1967)]}, annote={long-range as scattering at imaginary momentum} } @article{BatDam49, author = {D. R. Bates and A. Damgaard}, title = {}, journal = {Phil.\ Trans.\ R. Soc.\ A}, volume = {242}, pages = {101}, year = {1949}, annote = {Bates-Damgaard normalization} } @article{Smi65, author = {B. M. Smirnov}, title = {}, journal = {Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP}, volume = {20}, pages = {345}, year = {1965}, annote = {SCF calculations with matching for prefactor in Psi for Vexch in alkalis} } @article{MarDal96, author = {M. Marinescu and A. Dalgarno}, title = {}, journal = {Z. Phys.\ D}, volume = {36}, pages = {239--248}, year = {1996}, annote = {Model potential calcs of prefactor in Psi for Vexch in alkalis} } @article{TanToeYiu98, author = {K. T. Tang and J. P. Toennies and C. L. Yiu}, title = {The generalized {H}eitler-{L}ondon theory for interatomic interaction and surface integral method for exchange energy}, journal = {Int.\ Rev.\ Phys.\ Chem.}, volume = {17}, pages = {363--406}, year = {1998}, annote = {Review} } @article{MaeKut79, author={Maeder, F. and Kutzelnigg, W.}, title={Natural states of interacting systems and their use for the calculation of intermolecular forces. {IV.} Calculations of Van der {W}aals coefficients between one- and two-valence-electron atoms in their ground states, as well as of polarizabilities, oscillator strength sums and related quantities, including correlation effects}, journal={Chem.\ Phys.}, volume={42}, number={1-2}, pages={95-112}, year={1979}, abstract={For pt.III see ibid., vol.35, no.3, p.397 (1978). The constants C/sub 6/, C/sub 8/, C/sub 10/, alpha /sub 1/, alpha /sub 2/, alpha /sub 3/, and the 'effective oscillator strengths' for H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, He, Be, Mg, Ca, Hg are computed in an ab initio frozen-core and a pseudopotential approach including electron correlation} } @article{PatTan97, author={S. H. Patil and K. T. Tang}, title={Multipolar polarizabilities and two- and three-body dispersion coefficients for alkali isoelectronic sequences}, journal={J. Chem.\ Phys.}, volume={106}, number={6}, pages={2298-305}, year={1997}, abstract={Using simple wave functions based on the asymptotic behavior and on the binding energies of the valence electron, we have evaluated multipolar matrix elements. They allow us to obtain polarizabilities up to alpha /sub 12/ of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be/sup +/ Mg/sup +/, Ca/sup +/, Sr/sup +/, Ba/sup +/, and dispersion coefficients of homonuclear and heteronuclear interactions from C/sub 6/ to C/sub 26/. Comparisons with previously determined low order quantities show that this approach is capable of yielding quite useful values for these quantities} } @article{MarSadDal94, author={Marinescu, M. and Sadeghpour, H. R. and Dalgarno, A.}, title={Dispersion coefficients for alkali-metal dimers}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A }, volume={49}, number={2}, pages={982-8}, year={1994}, abstract={Knowledge of the long-range interaction between atoms and molecules is of fundamental importance for low-energy and low-temperature collisions. The electronic interaction between the charge distributions of two ground-state alkali-metal atoms can be expanded in inverse powers of R, the internuclear distance. The coefficients C/sub 6/, C/sub 8/, and C/sub 10/ of, respectively, the R/sup -6/, R/sup -8/, and R/sup -10/ terms are calculated by integrating the products of the dynamic electric multipole polarizabilities of the individual atoms at imaginary frequencies, which are in turn obtained by solving two coupled inhomogeneous differential equations. Precise one-electron model potentials are developed to represent the motion of the valence electron in the field of the closed alkali-metal positive-ion core. The numerical results for the static multipole polarizabilities for the alkali-metal atoms and the coefficients C/sub 6/, C/sub 8/, and C/sub 10/ for homonuclear and heteronuclear alkali-metal diatoms are compared with other calculations} } @article{MarSad99, author = {Marinescu, M. and Sadeghpour, H.R.}, title = {Long-range potentials for two-species alkali-metal atoms}, journal= {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {59}, pages = {390}, year = {1999}, abstract={We address a growing interest in trapping and cooling of mixed-species alkali-metal atoms. Long-range coefficients that arise in the multipole expansion of molecular potentials for unlike alkali-metal dimers are calculated. The coefficients for the heteronuclear alkali-metal dimers corresponding to different molecular symmetries that separate to nS-n'S,nS-n'P,nS-n'D, and nP-n'P atomic levels are computed with high precision. We consider cases where in the infinite separation limit, one atom is in the ground state and the other is in one of the lowest S, P, and D excited states and both atoms are in their lowest excited P states. We find the long-range potentials for Rb(5S)-Cs(6S),Rb(6S)-Cs(6S),K(4S)-Rb(5P) /sup 1,3/ Sigma ,K(4P)-Cs(6 P) /sup 1,3/ Sigma , and Rb(5S)-Na(3D) /sup 1,3/ Sigma molecules to be the most attractive. The K(4S)-Rb(5P) dimer represents the best candidate molecule for ultracold photoassociative spectroscopy. We also find the K(4P)-Cs(6P) and Rb(5S)-K(4P) dimers to form, respectively, the most attractive and the most repulsive long-range potentials. The present calculation is in good agreement with experimentally determined value for the 1/R/sup 6/ van der Waals coefficient for the interaction between Cs(6S) and Li(2P) atoms} } @incollection{ DalDav66, author = {A. Dalgarno and W. D. Davison }, title = {The calculation of van der {W}aals Interactions}, booktitle = {Adv.\ At.\ Mol.\ Phys.}, volume = {2}, year = 1966, pages = {1--32}, publisher = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, editor = { D. Bates and I. Estermann} } @Article{DalDav67, author = {A. Dalgarno and W. D. Davison }, title = {Long-range interaction of alkali-metals}, journal = {Mol. Phys.}, year = 1967, volume = {13}, pages = {479--486}, annote = {alk-alk, and alk-nobles homo and hetero, scaling of the core contribution } } @InCollection{Dal67, author = "A. Dalgarno", title = "New methods for calculating long-range intermolecular forces", booktitle = "Intermolecular Forces", publisher = "Wiley", year = 1967, editor = "Joseph O. Hirschfelder", volume = 12, series = "Advances in Chemical Physics", pages = 143, address = "New York" } @Article{LeoWilJul00, author = {P. J. Leo and C. J. Williams and P. S. Julienne}, title = {Collision properties of ultracold $^{133}${Cs} atoms}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, year = 2000, volume = {85}, pages = {2721--4} } @unpublished{LeoTieWilJul01, author={ P. Leo and E. Tiesinga and C. J. Williams and P. S. Julienne}, year ={2001}, note ={unpublished}, annote={Cs C6 = 6859(25) } } @Article{ChiVulKer00, author = {C. Chin and V. Vuleti\`{c} and A. J. Kerman and S. Chu}, title = {High resolution {F}eshbach spectroscopy of {C}esium}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, year = 2000, volume = {85}, pages = {2717--20} } @Article{DraTolTja00, author = { C. Drag and B. Laburthe Tolra and B. T'Jampens and D. Comparat and M. Allegrini and A. Crubellier and P. Pillet }, title = {Photoassociative Spectroscopy as a Self-Sufficient Tool for the Determination of the {C}s Triplet Scattering Length}, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, year = 2000, volume = {85}, pages = {1408--11} } @article{AbeVer99, author={{van Abeelen}, F. A. and Verhaar, B. J.}, title={Determination of collisional properties of cold Na atoms from analysis of bound-state photoassociation and Feshbach resonance field data}, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={59}, number={1}, pages={578-84}, year={1999}, abstract={We review the information on the interactions between cold ground-state Na atoms following from Na/sub 2/ bound states, a Na photoassociation experiment, and a recent observation of field-induced Feshbach resonances in a Na Bose condensate. We obtain a set of Na interaction parameters that is in excellent agreement with all these experimental data. The existing discrepancy between different values for the scattering length a/sub 1,-1/ of Na atoms in the |1,-1> hyperfine state is resolved. The present interaction parameters enable us to give accurate predictions for the singlet and triplet scattering lengths a/sub S/ and a/sub T/, a/sub 1,-1/, scattering lengths for collisions between Na atoms in other hyperfine states, and resonance fields of several yet unobserved Feshbach resonances. We find a/sub S/=(19.1+or-2.1)a/sub 0/, a/sub T/=(65.3+or-0.9)a/sub 0/, and a/sub 1,-1/(B=0)=(55.4+or-1.2)a/sub 0/} } @article{RobBurCla01, author={ J. L. Roberts and J. P. {Burke, Jr.} and N. R. Claussen and S. L. Cornish and E. A. Donley and C. E. Wieman }, title={ Improved characterization of elastic scattering near a Feshbach resonance in 85Rb }, journal={Phys. Rev. A }, volume={59}, number={1}, pages={578-84}, year={1999}, abstract={We report extensions and corrections to the measurement of the Feshbach resonance in 85Rb cold atom collisions reported earlier [J. L. Roberts et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5109 (1998)]. In addition to a better determination of the position of the resonance peak [154.9(4) G] and its width [11.0(4) G], improvements in our techniques now allow the measurement of the absolute size of the elastic-scattering rate. This provides a measure of the s-wave scattering length as a function of magnetic field near the Feshbach resonance and constrains the Rb-Rb interaction potential. }, annote={Rb C6=4660(20) } } @article{VogFreTsa00, author={Vogels, J.M. and Freeland, R.S. and Tsai, C.C. and Verhaar, B.J. and Heinzen, D.J.}, title={Coupled singlet-triplet analysis of two-color cold-atom photoassociation spectra}, journal={Phys. Rev. A}, volume={61}, number={4}, pages={043407/1-11}, year={2000}, abstract={We describe a method that is well suited to analysis of the bound states of the alkali-metal dimers near their dissociation limit. The method combines inverse perturbation theory, coupled-channel bound-state theory, and the accumulated phase method to treat the short-range part of the molecular potentials. We apply this method to analyze the bound-state energies measured in a two-color photoassociation experiment in an ultracold /sup 85/Rb gas. This analysis yields information on the interactions between ultracold /sup 85/Rb atoms that is important to the understanding of ultracold Rb collisions and Bose-Einstein condensation}, annote={Rb C6=4650±50} } @book{ PatTan00, Author={S. H. Patil and K. T. Tang}, Title= {Asymptotic Methods in Quantum Mechanics: Application to Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Berlin Heidelberg}, annote = {} } @Article{Cha67, author = {Tai Yup Chang}, title = {Moderately Long-range Interatomic Forces}, journal = {Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.}, year = 1967, volume = {39}, pages = {911--42} } @article{StaCer85, author={Standard, J. M. and Certain, P. R.}, title={Bounds to two- and three-body long-range interaction coefficients for S-state atoms}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={83}, number={6}, pages={3002-8}, year={1985}, abstract={New upper and lower bounds to the van der Waals C/sub 6/, C/sub 8/, and C/sub 10/ coefficients for hydrogen, noble gas, alkali, and alkaline earth atoms are determined by using Pade approximants to bound the dynamic multipole polarizabilities. Also, the nonadditive, three-body coefficients involving dipole, quadrupole, and octupole interactions are bounded} } @article{Stw71, author={Stwalley, W. C.}, title={Polarizability and long-range interactions of magnesium atoms}, journal={J. Chem. Phys.}, volume={54}, number={10}, pages={4517-18}, year={1971}, abstract={The leading term in the long-range interaction energy of two spherical atoms A and B had the form -C/r/sup 6/. The van der Waals constant C can be calculated from the frequency-dependent dipole polarizability. Dalgarno and co-workers (1967) have used this formulation to calculate C for the mutual interaction of various species. This note extends these calculations to Mg for use in interpretation of the spectrum of Mg/sub 2/} } %%%%%% Quadrupole-Quadrupole interaction @Article{Kni38, author = {J. K. Knipp}, title = { Quadrupole-Quadrupole Interatomic Forces }, journal = {Phys.\ Rev.}, year = 1938, volume = {53}, pages = {734} } @article{ZygDalSha94, author={Zygelman, B. and Dalgarno, A. and Sharma, R. D.}, title={Excitation of the /sup 3/P/sub J/=0,1,2 fine-structure levels of atomic oxygen in collisions with oxygen atoms}, journal={Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, volume={50}, number={5}, pages={3920-8}, year={1994}, abstract={A fully quantal calculation of the excitation cross sections for the fine-structure levels of ground-state atomic oxygen, in collisions with oxygen atoms at low energies, is presented. The results are compared with the cross sections obtained in a previous calculation} } @book{ HirCurBir64, Author={J. O. Hirschfelder and C. F. Curtiss and R. B. Bird}, Title= {Molecular Theory of gases and liquids}, year = {1964}, edition = {2}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, address = {New York}, annote = {} }