CHAPTER 9
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY

OBJECTIVES

1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere.*
2. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.*
3. Explain why cells need to produce ATP*
4. Define redox reactions.*
5. Explain how the coenzyme NAD⁺ functions in redox reactions.*
6. Define hydride ion.*
7. Know where and how ATP is produce in the four major metabolic stages of aerobic respiration.*
8. Describe the overall summary equation for aerobic respiration.*
9. Describe the 4 major metabolic stages of aerobic respiration.*
10. Define glycolysis and understand the key points, including at what location it occurs in the cell.*
11. Write a summary equation for glycolysis.*
12. Describe at what location pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced and how it links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle (in relation to 1 glucose molecule).*
13. Describe the location, molecules in and molecules out for the citric acid cycle (in relation to 1 glucose molecule).*
14. Explain at what point during cellular respiration glucose is completely oxidized.*
15. Explain the transfer of energy (endergonic and exergonic processes) starting with electrons moving down the electron transport chain and ending with the production of ATP by chemiosmosis.*
16. Describe the process of electron transport.*
17. Define proton motive force.*
18. Describe the process of chemiosmosis.*
19. Have an understanding of the contribution of oxidative phosphorylation vs. substrate level phosphorylation to ATP synthesis.*
20. Describe the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen.*
21. Explain why fermentation is necessary.*
22. Explain where carbon dioxide comes from in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration (fermentation).
23. Compare and contrast aerobic metabolism with anaerobic metabolism.*

KEY TERMS
Cellular (aerobic) respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, redox reactions, decarboxylation reactions, ATP synthesis reactions, ATP hydrolysis reactions, coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, innermembrane, electron carriers, electron transport chain, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), cytochrome C, Complexes I, III and IV, proton gradient, chemiosmosis, electrochemical gradient, proton motive force, ATP synthase, aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe.